The Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 985 Words

There are two similar stories that describe two particular women in a psychological condition one of the stories is called â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s and the other written by William Faulkner named â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Both authors mention how both Jane (Yellow Wall-Paper) and Miss Emily (A Rose for Emily)are being oppressed by their husbands because the typical tradition forces their wife’s to stay home while they go to work. In the early eighteen and nineteen hundreds, females were expected to become dependent on men for their livelihood, which at the times lead to depression and hysteria of being a submissive female. The male characters were seen as being inferior between the women. Therefore, women could not be superior to a man, because they were seen intelligent, and were the ones who controlled every aspect of the women, as if they were property. In the story, â€Å"The yellow Wall-paper†, we are introduced to a character, by the name of Jane, who is a well-educated and intelligent woman who suffers a slight hysterical tendency (Gilman 233). â€Å"Yet, her husband John, who is a physician †¦he does not believe I am sick!† (Gilman 233) Here, clearly we can see that Jane is a submissive woman who does what her husband tells her to do. In order to get well, she must obey her husband and be grateful for he knows what is best for her. Keeping Jane isolated made her depressed for she loved to interact with others and to write, which at times,Show MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman873 Words   |  4 PagesEarly Feminist Writing In the short story The Yellow Wall-Paper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman reflects on the social inequalities and injustices held against women in the late 1800’s. Gilman gives light to a very common practice of doctors diagnosing women with â€Å"nervous† conditions and essentially telling them to not do anything that doesn’t involve the domestic duties of women. The story gives insight on how women would have felt from the despotism that men of the time were showing towards them, thisRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman951 Words   |  4 PagesThe unnamed narrator, who is never fully introduced, narrates the story of â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in the form of a diary/journal. Confined in a mansion to treat her mental illness of depression the narrator becomes obsessed with the ugly yellow wallpaper that covers the walls of her room. Ultimately, I presume that the wallpaper itself represents her relat ionship that she has with her husband, while the women behind the wallpaper represents herself; which goRead MoreYellow Wall Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman853 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen perceived equally. In many places women are considered as a second citizen. Although inequality among men and women has decreased tremendously in our society, it’s still an issue in some part of the world. The short story â€Å"Yellow wall paper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman reveals gender inequality. It narrates about a newly married woman who is trying to get away from a trap that is restricting her freedom. Throughout the book the narrator is suffering within herself but she has a hard time figuringRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pageshusband and family. This obedience that the speaker has for her husband, John, in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† undermined the woman’s mental health, refusing her the ability to express and speak for herself. The speaker’s diagnosis and treatment of her â€Å"nervous condition† was completely in her husband’s control, taking away her independence as a person. It becomes clear that Gilman is writing this short story as a response to the patriarchal structure of the societyRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman819 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman displays the central idea that no one can really know how it feels to be trapped in a way, but it can quickly happen to anyone. The story would be seen through a first person narrator point of view through the narrator whose name is never actually stated in the story other than in a quote at the end of the story where she says â€Å" I’ve got out at last despite you and Jane†, it is believed that Jane is the narrator. Jane’sRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1353 Words   |  6 Pages In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper,† which is set in the 19th century, the narrator suffers from what is now identified as Postpartum depression, after the birth of her child. The narrator’s husband, John, who is a doctor, suggest that she gets some rest, and places her in a nursery with walls that contain yellow wall paper. Over the course of the story, the narrator’s condition progresses and she begins to develop paranoia about a woman who is trapped in the yellow wallpaperRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1107 Words   |  5 PagesIn January of 1892, author Charlotte Perkins Gilman published her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† in The New England Magazine. Gilman’s work illustrates the public perception of woman’s health in the 19th century and is considered to be an important part of early American feminist literature. During the 19th century, women were confined to the idea of the â€Å"ideal† woman and the â€Å"domestic sphere.† According to Barbara Welter, in her 1966 paper entitled â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860,†Read MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman900 Words   |  4 PagesPaper Three and Three Elements of Fiction The Yellow Wall-Paper was a short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the year of 1892. In this story we are inside the mind of a lady who is suffering from a nervous disorder and is prescribed the â€Å"rest cure† by her physician husband. They go stay at a colonial mansion which she doesn’t like very much and there she is to just rest without no interaction with society and not even allowed to write in her journal. In the room she stays in she isRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman, And Lysistrata967 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves and are defined by the people around them; based on their looks or stereotypes that may not represent who they are. Women are defined by others and themselves in many ways such as seen in, â€Å"Borders† by Thomas King, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Lysistrata by Aristophanes. These metaphors are not directly defining these women, but defining them by their powe r, identity, and intelligence. In the play Lysistrata the character uses the only power she has to controlRead More A Look into the Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and ?The Yellow Wall-paper?1398 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† is an amazing story that demonstrates how close-minded the world was a little over a hundred years ago. In the late eighteen hundreds, women were seen as personal objects that are not capable of making a mark in the world. If a woman did prove to be a strong intellectual person and had a promising future, they were shut out from society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote her stories from experience, but added fictional twists along the way to make her stories interesting.

Made By Robots Challenging Architecture At A Larger...

Introduction With the rapid change in construction and manufacturing processes today, the architectural design may reflect these new innovative changes. The book, Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale, presents a shift between the old, traditional manufacturing processes to the new role that robotics is beginning to adapt in the infrastructure process, closing the gap between design and fabrication. Efficiency, costs, and the concept of a design process involving communication between designers and robotics is put to question and discussed as one of the many themes the authors, Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler, implemented into this book. Gramazio and Kohler, share the Chair at ETH Zurich in Architecture and Digital Fabrication and talk about their experiences within the firm and share information they have learned from colleagues and employers. The two partners introduced the first multi- purpose fabrication laboratory based on the use of industrial scale robots. Their focus has been on the role of robotics in production and design. The design concepts currently in use and discussed in this book become more exploratory with robotics as these technological devices can quickly adapt and offer options both on a conceptual design level as well as a fabrication level. What architects may only have dreamed about previously, now become possible through the use of robotics. They discuss many of these changes that are appearing in Asia, such as the FutureShow MoreRelatedThe, Made By Robots : Challenging Architecture At A Larger Scale Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesGramazio + Kohler, Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture a t a Larger Scale The book questions whether the new digital technologies can impact and change the architectural and material practice of today, Gramazio Kohler explored the potentials of robot- induced design and how robots can help enrich the physical nature of architecture, to inform the material processes and to merge the computational design with the construction realization. The employment of robotics in architecture is creating anRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Its Impact On Architecture1109 Words   |  5 PagesArmand Gorrell 10.13.16 Theories II- N. Leach Made by Robots: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale The section I read covered the history of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the building process from the 18th century to the 19th century. Beginning in the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, new machinery, and industrially fabricated materials began to appear on construction sites. Entering the 20th century there was a real attempt to adopt the industrial manufacturing processesRead MoreReview Of Robots : Challenging Architecture At A Larger Scale Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesNeil Leach MEISSEL HERRERA MADE BY ROBOTS: Challenging Architecture at a Larger Scale. 10/06/2016 21/144 ODICO FORM WORKS ROBOTICS uses robots to create more complex and exact formworks out of polystyrene in a quicker manner and greater scale as well as more efficiently and less costly, enabling architectural vision to expand and grow. A. â€Å"...set out to develop a manufacturing concept capable of providing low-cost production of advanced framework at industrial volume scale.† ( 66.1) B. â€Å"...providesRead MoreSample Letter For The Fabrication Shop Team At The College Of Architecture9949 Words   |  40 PagesPerbellini and Prof. Dustin White for their support during the development of this thesis. Without their collaboration and guidance this thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the Fabrication Shop team at the College of Architecture, especially Mike West for sharing their knowledge in fabrication and always being willing to help. In addition, I would like to thank the other departments within Texas Tech which provided me with knowledge with topics specific to their fieldRead MoreHow Will 3d Printing Affect the Process and Quality of Constructing Housing in the 21st Century?6502 Words   |  27 Pagesadditive process where successive layers are laid down in different shapes. It is distinct from many others ways of constructing that rely on the removal of material through cutting or drilling. The technology isn’t that new, the first 3D printer was made in 1984, however at that time they were neither efficient, reliable nor precise, and required a lot more effort and money in order to create a much smaller object. Since then, the technology has come a long way and has been used in the creation ofRead MoreA Thesis On Computer Science Engineering9162 Words   |  37 Pagescreative input and constructive challenges inspired me a lot. I have learnt to lead a systematic and disciplined life from sir, which has helped to build my personality to the fullest. His brilliant guidance inspired me to face every difficult and challenging aspects pertaining to my studies. His dedication towards our work is inexplicable. His readiness for consultation at all times, his educative comments and assistance even with practical things have been invaluable. If I continue to write instancesRead MoreEssay on Use of Nanotechnology in Medecine2565 Words   |  11 Pagesstructures and properties at the nanoscale in medicine is like having a sub-microscopic lab bench on which you can handle cell components, viruses or pieces of DNA, using a range of tiny tools, robots and tubes.† (Paddock) There is one type of microscope in the world that has the ability to see things at the nano scale. That microscope is a scanning tunneling microscope. It has the ability to zoom in on an object by 1,000,000 times as the average high school and college microscope only reaches 100(NanoRead MoreEssay on The Applicat ions of Artificial Intelligence5047 Words   |  21 Pagesconstitutes an ``AI question--and how to evaluate progress. Much early AI research focused on tasks commonly thought to require high intelligence in people, such as playing high-quality chess. Skeptics viewed this as an impossible assignment, but AI made rapid progress. By the 1960s, programs were capable of tournament play. In 1997, in a landmark match, the chess system Deep Blue defeated Gary Kasparov, the worlds human chess champion for the previous twelve years. At the same time, however, AIRead More4g Communication22481 Words   |  90 Pagesin regions where it was difficult to build a connection by wire line. †¢ 1G was based on analogy technique and deployed in the 1980s. It built the basic structure of mobile communications and solved many fundamental problems, e.g. cellular architecture adopting, multiplexing frequency band, roaming across domain, non-interrupted communication in mobile circumstances, etc. Speech chat was the only service of 1G. †¢ 2G was based on digital signal processing techniques and regarded as a revolutionRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesConcepts 191 Batch Processing versus Online Processing 191 Functional Information Systems Vertical Integration of Systems Distributed Systems 192 Client/Server Systems Virtualization 192 192 193 194 Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services 194 Transaction Processing Systems Payroll System 196 196 Order Entry System 196 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 198 An Example ERP System: SAP ERP 199 Data Warehousing 201 Customer Relationship

Saving Private Ryan Analysis Essay Example For Students

Saving Private Ryan Analysis Essay The book I read and am doing a presentation on is called Saving Private Ryan by Max Allen Collins. Saving Private Ryan is about the heroism of soldiers of soldiers and their duty during wartime, World War Two. This story is to remind you, the reader, that war is nothing but hell, orders on the front line can be brutal, and absurd. The story is set in Europe of 1944, as the Nazis are still advancing and taking over cities and countries. On June 6th, 1944, Captain Miller, and hundreds of other men leave Europe to accomplish one mission, Operation Overlord, also known as D-Day. When they get there, there will be a new task awaiting them. In saving Private Ryan, the same character is Capt. Miller. He is the leader of a squad of 7 men on a mission to save Pvt. James Ryan. Capt. Miller is a to himself person. He does not talk much when not in battle, and when he does talk, he is giving out orders. Capt. Miller played a major roll in this book. He was in charge of Company C of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, when landing on Omaha Beach. He then had to lead the 7 men on a long mission to save Private James Ryan. Private James Ryan is a very sociable person. He lost 3 brothers in the war, which is why he is getting sent home. I said he is sociable because when he was rescued towards the end, he enjoyed talking to Capt. Miller very much. He would tell stories about his childhood before he left for basic, with his 3 brothers. There were 7 men under Millers Command. They were Sgt. Horvath, Pvt. Reiben, Pvt. Jackson, Pvt. Mellish, Pvt. Caparzo, Medic Wade, and Cpl. Upham. They all fought against the German resistance to save Pvt. Ryan. One metaphor that was said in the novel was Sounds like the Midnight Limited. This was said by Pvt. Caparzo on the boat before they landed on the beaches. He was describing the boat movement as is sailed through the water. After reading Saving Private Ryan by Max Allen Collins, I would say the overall theme of the novel is heroic. I believe the overall mood of the novel is heroic because eight men took on a mission to save one soldiers life. I would say the overall mood/tone of this novel is courage. I would say the mood is courage because 8 men risked there lives to save one man, and never turned away. They were scared to go on this mission, but they fought anyway. After reading Saving Private Ryan by Max Allen Collins, I would say the overall mood of the novel is courage. I believe the overall mood of the novel is courage because eight men took on a mission to save one soldiers life. I believe the most interesting part of this whole novel is the fact that one solider out of the entire Marine Corps, is allowed to come home because of the lose of his brothers. I would recommend reading this novel because in my opinion, I believe that it shows, in war, nobody fights alone.

The Status Of Childrens Rights In Nepal Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

The Status Of Childrens Rights In Nepal Children And Young People Essay Essay The intent of this study is to measure the issues environing the childrens human rights in Nepal by knocking their position in concurrence with the applicable International Treaties. Simultaneously its purpose is to exemplify the current state of affairs, by supplying information from findings sing the misdemeanors on the rights of the kids. Particularly it focuses on wellness position, sexual development, forced labor and instruction and it reflects those misdemeanors, by supplying statistical informations and paradigms during and after the armed struggle. It would besides give accent, on whether Nepal has complied with the International Conventions every bit good as whether any NGO.s gave any attending towards the crisis sustained in Nepal. Finally the study would do a general rating by supplying recommendations in regard of Nepal s executions and promises for the betterment of kids s human rights, including the demand of their protection and their hereafter concern. II.Introduction Nepal in world is one of the poorest and undeveloped states in the universe, which tries to be reborn from its ain ashes, after witnessing and sing a 10 twelvemonth internal violent armed struggle, due to the Maoist insurgence which ceased in 2006. We will write a custom essay sample on The Status Of Childrens Rights In Nepal Children And Young People Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Status Of Childrens Rights In Nepal Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Status Of Childrens Rights In Nepal Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However the last old ages have been made important alterations and developments. In 2008, Nepal went from political instability to a Federal Democratic Republic as the UCPN-M[ 1 ]had agreed with the Nepali authorities to come to an terminal with that struggle. Thus was guaranteed a peaceable authorities harmonizing to the CPA,[ 2 ]set uping equality and safeguarding cardinal human rights and freedoms. Despite the fact that, there is a gradual recovery and advancement, serious human rights misdemeanors continue to happen, as Nepal still faces the aftershocks of the crisis. Arguably the armed struggle has stigmatised the most vulnerable group and has deprived from them their basic rights. Childs have been victimised and faced banishment of their houses, forced to be soldiers and randomly detained by the authorities, subjected to maltreatment and even anguish. Others were used for development and being subjected to sexual maltreatment striping their right to be educated and besides their wellness position has been deteriorated. Immediate aid from human rights guardians and INGO s[ 3 ]was quickly given globally, but still it is an imperative demand as kids demand their protection. Most of them still live under insecurity and instability confronting hazards of farther misdemeanors of their rights. Frankincense is due consideration to foreground the current state of affairs. III.Children s Health Status and Human Exploitation in Armed Conflict It is claimed that kids are bulk in statistics but minority on societal position in existent universe .[ 4 ]This statement reveals the current state of affairs refering kids s rights position in Nepal. Recent studies indicate that there have been dangerous misdemeanors of kids s rights as 100s have been killed by armed groups due to the political state of affairs and others continue to be at hazard even if the state is in a post-conflict phase. Furthermore 1000s were earnestly injured and others have died because of diseases peculiarly from HIV/AIDS.[ 5 ]Their wellness position has been degrading[ 6 ]both physically and mentally as the armed struggle deprived from them their basic rights such as the right to household, nutrient and shelter. The unfriendly environment had exposed orphaned kids to conditions which had neer experienced before. Furthermore 100s have been displaced from their households and have been subjected to misdemeanor, harlotry and nonvoluntary servitude without their consent going vulnerable to high hazards of infective diseases. During and after the ceasefire, kids development had worsened their wellness as the bulk of the exploited kids have been unlawfully treated and exposed in awful conditions, confronting subjugation and coercion. Simultaneously the unequal wellness system, resources and the insufficient work force has worsened their wellness position. Even if Nepal has attained to streamline kid s wellness the last decennaries by cut downing mortality under 5 from 118 % in 1996 to 61 % in 2006, nevertheless disparities exist by different societal groups sing handiness in the wellness system. The phenomenon of kid trafficking is Nepal s one of its major jobs. Yet, no formal studies have been prepared by the Nepali authorities but the Committee concerned that there is deficiency of existent statistics of kids victims on development and trafficking.[ 7 ]However a research conducted by CWIN[ 8 ]in association with Save the Children revealed that 73,8 % of 110 male childs populating on the street, had had non-consensual sexual intercourse.[ 9 ]Another tragic survey conducted by ILO[ 10 ]estimated that about 5000 kids, chiefly misss are working as commercial sex workers.[ 11 ] However Nepal had successfully ratified and had abided by the footings of OPSC.[ 12 ]Besides the Interim Constitution of Nepal guarantees the protection of kids against any signifier of maltreatment and development every bit good as many Acts of the Apostless such as the Children s Act[ 13 ]and Human Trafficking and Transportation Control Act[ 14 ]is opposed to CSEC.[ 15 ]However the survey of the CRC[ 16 ]Sub-Committee of the HRTMCC[ 17 ]reveals that the Nepali commissariats do non explicitly address the issues that autumn under OPSC[ 18 ]and neglect to harmonize with the CRC. Consequently that means the statute law does non safeguard the rights of the kids from CSEC. Harmonizing to the same survey it was observed that even if establishments, Centres and enterprises are combat against CSEC there is a deficiency of coordination between them[ 19 ]as there is an overlap due to authorities establishments. At the same clip different undertakings cease to go on their work as there is no equal fiscal support and besides there is no specific programme to work against CSEC for the best involvements of the kid. Notably kids who have participated in audience meetings did non cognize about the authorities programmes sing OPSC airing. Since most of the kids are illiterate they can non understand the commissariats conducted by the Nepali authorities battling CSEC ; so without holding the proper cognition and support it would be an Utopia for them to contend for their rights against CSEC which could be characterised as a modern type of bondage. IV.Forced Labour-DCL Myriad surveies, indicate that the mission of the authorities is to enrich the position of the kid in Nepal and do efforts in order to explicate schemes so as to extinguish the worst signifiers of DCL.[ 20 ] Nepal has one of the worst backgrounds sing the signifiers of forced labor particularly in the DCL. Frans Roselaers claimed that unacceptable signifiers of development of kids at work exist and persist but they are hard to research due to their hidden, sometimes illegal or even condemnable nature. [ 21 ]The phenomenon of child labor in Nepal takes tonss of dimensions the last decennaries as kids are economically active from their immature age. In conformity to NFLS[ 22 ]the engagement rate for kids is estimated at approximately 40.4 % .[ 23 ] The current political state of affairs, poorness and the harmful traditional patterns use kids to be exposed in the worst risky conditions and forced them to drop out from school striping from them their instruction. The fundamental law of Nepal prohibits child labor and the Nepali authorities after the confirmation of CRC indicated the committedness of guaranting that kids do non hold to work. Therefore Nepal was obligated to ordain several domestic Torahs. Within this context enacted the Children s Act[ 24 ]and besides Child Labour Act[ 25 ]purely forbiding and eliminating child labor. Furthermore in 1997 ratified C138[ 26 ]with object the abolishment of child labors and became a member of the SAARC.[ 27 ]Besides, the IPEC[ 28 ]operates in Nepal with purpose to make policies against child labor. An issue which is yet due consideration is whether kids rights have so made advancement after the confirmation of the Conventions in concurrence with the new democratic system of Nepal by ordaining esteeming statute law, policies that present a development on their human rights position. It must be emphasised that there is a important decrease of bonded labor to 40.4 % compared to 47.0 % of the entire kid population which was detected in NLFS 1998. Although the Committee in its one observation concerned that despite the attempts of the province party to get rid of the worst signifiers of kid labor, the prevalence of child labor remains high peculiarly in risky conditions of work .[ 29 ] In 2009, the CEACR[ 30 ]despite Nepal s confirmation of C182[ 31 ]and Optional Protocol to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict[ 32 ]requested the authorities to take steps in order to amend its domestic statute law and forbid the forced enlisting of kids less than 18 old ages for usage in armed struggle. The Committee besides observed that the authorities has non made respective Torahs which are consistent with the commissariats of the Convention in order to forbid a individual below 18 old ages to be exposed in risky work. V.Education Education is kids s premier concern and besides it could be considered the footing of making a safe hereafter for a state. Children are the chief participants of a state and particularly Nepal which is a state where instruction must be promoted among other developments made by the province. Nepal has ratified the ICESCR[ 33 ]where Articles 13 and 14 highlight the issue of free compulsory instruction. Although Nepal consented to the footings in order to supply free instruction between the ages of 6 and 11 ; the commissariats sing the Covenant are non followed. Besides in one of its latest studies the UN[ 34 ]Committee observed that Nepal has yet to follow a policy of mandatory instruction and farther remarks that there is a spread refering the attending between misss and male childs every bit good as there is great disparity between castes cultural and autochthonal groups. The emancipation of kids from a immature age had used them to work hard as their households do non put in their educational demands because of pecuniary adversities. Statisticss from a recent study conducted by the ILO showing the earnestness of the state of affairs ; 9 % of the entire kid population, have neer attended school and 59 % have non even completed their primary instruction.[ 35 ]Unusually the gender spread remains a job as largely misss are discriminated from instruction due to the patriarchal traditions who want misss to be married from their immature age. VI.Human Rights Defenders NGO s such as UNICEF[ 36 ]play a cardinal function as their mission is to safeguard the rights of the kids in Nepal. UNICEF had provided mechanisms for the demands of the kids back uping them in assorted ways: providing rehabilitation and wage programmes every bit good as reintegration programmes. A NGO named Salvage the Children focuses chiefly in the development of instruction and wellness of the kids by seeking to modulate and cut down youth mortality. set uping strategic partnerships with the authorities. VII.Conclusion Therefore the hapless economic position, poorness and besides the bad cultural patterns in Nepal, illustrate kids s human rights in their worst signifier. Even if the province has made measure frontward by signing international conventions there is deficiency of enforcement of the jurisprudence and policies which in world constitutes the chief spread for any solutions. However, Nepal could non be the lone combatant of safeguarding the kid rights through its legislative model, but the cardinal prevarications on the general system of human resources and society which must be sensitive on issues environing kids s rights. IX.Recommendations Effective schemes must be conducted by the PPCC[ 37 ]which would implement policies for work outing the issues of DCL. Even if instruction has been hindered by poorness, it could be the response to decrease child labour and enrich the position of the kid. The Nepali authorities must instantly sign the 3rd Optional Protocol,[ 38 ]as pursuant to it, abused kids that became victims of harlotry and trafficking could hold the chance to raise their voice and bring ailments for misdemeanors of their rights. The province must give attending to the UN observations refering favoritism in instruction in which it must extinguish gender disparity in primary and secondary instruction. Trade brotherhoods should go on to promote these challenges in the procedure of educational restructure and set force per unit area to the authorities of altering its policies in all degrees of instruction matching to the commissariats contained in ICESCR. Streamline 2000 words. X.Bibliography-References Rehman, J. , ( 2010 ) . International Human Rights Law ( 2nd edition ) . Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Naftali B. , 2011. International Human-centered Law and International Human Rights Law ( 1st edition ) . Oxford: University Press. Gajurel, D.P. , 2007. Child Rights in Nepal , [ on-line ] .Unpublished Menuscript, Kathmandu: Nepal Law Campus, Faculty of Law, Tribhuvan University. Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract id= 1106619. [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . Aruna, J. , 2008. Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in Nepal: Situation Analysis of their wellness position. [ on-line ] . Kathmandu School of Law Child Rights Search and Resource Centre, Nepal. Available at: www.ksl.edu.np/crc_students-article.asp. [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . Child Rights NGO Report Prepared by: CRC Sub-committee, Human Rights Treaty, Monitoring Coordination Committee ( HRTMCC ) , Secretariat: Child Nepal ( CN ) . , 2011. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of kids, kid harlotry and kid erotica ( 2000 ) . [ on-line ] . CN Promoting Child Rights through Education. Available at: www.childrennepal.org/showmodule.php? url=crc. [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . Child Rights NGO Report Prepared by: CRC Sub-committee, Human Rights Treaty, Monitoring Coordination Committee ( HRTMCC ) , Secretariat: Child Nepal ( CN ) . , 2011. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of kids, kid harlotry and kid erotica ( 2000 ) . [ on-line ] . CN Promoting Child Rights through Education, 2011, 21. Available at: www.childrennepal.org/showmodule.php? url=crc. [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . Child Rights NGO Report Prepared by: CRC Sub-committee, Human Rights Treaty, Monitoring Coordination Committee ( HRTMCC ) , Secretariat: Child Nepal ( CN ) . , 2011. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of kids, kid harlotry and kid erotica ( 2000 ) . [ on-line ] . CN Promoting Child Rights through Education, 2011, 13. Available at: www.childrennepal.org/showmodule.php? url=crc. [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal, . 2008. NEPAL CHILD LABOUR REPORT based on informations drawn from the Nepal Force Labour Survey. [ on-line ] . ILO 2008, xi. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/kathmandu/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_182988/lang en/index.htm [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . International Labour Organization ( ILO ) Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal, . 2008. NEPAL CHILD LABOUR REPORT based on informations drawn from the Nepal Force Labour Survey. [ on-line ] . ILO 2008, xii. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/kathmandu/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_182988/lang en/index.htm [ Accessed 27th November 2012 ] . UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2008. Nepal: Persistent misdemeanors of kids s rights. [ on-line ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp? ID=29608. [ Accessed day of the month 27th November ] . Karen C.T. , 2000. Trafficing in kids in Asia ; a regional overview. [ on-line ] . ILO. Available at: www.ilo.orf/asia/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_BK _PB _7 _EN/lang en/index.htm. [ Accessed twenty-seventh November ] . Gonzalez, Z. , 2002. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour El Salvador, The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents: A Rapid Assessment [ online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/public/spanish/standards/ipec/simpoc/elsalvador/ra/sexexp.pdf. [ Accessed 26th November 2012 ] .

The Flea Vs To His Coy Mistress Essays - The Flea, Free Essays

The Flea Vs To His Coy Mistress Essays - The Flea, Free Essays The Flea Vs To His Coy Mistress Seduction has been the game most played through out the centuries, as males attempt to convince and invite females into their beds. In Marvell's To His Coy Mistress and Donne's The Flea, the speakers, propose a peccadilloes offer, which is so cunningly backed up by a liberalistic argument and is presented to each female when the generous request has been declined. These arguments are designed to induce thoughts of a carnal nature. The persuasions used by each are completely different but are structured entirely for one purpose. To corner or trick the maiden into saying Yes. Though both arguements are supurb, Marvell's has a nicer, refined style to it. In To His Coy Mistress and The Flea, there is an exemplification of just how crafty men can be during the hunt. The speakers, in both poems, makes a modest but declinable offer for sex to their maiden of choice. And, upon rejection, each male begins a fluent yet rhetoric arguments on why the maiden should accept his simple offer of passion. For Marvell, the argument was that there wasn't enough time left in the world, and that the maiden should partake in indulgence before it is too late. But at my back I always hear/ Times winged Charriot hurrying near(lines 21-22). He also states the unpleasuarble thought of the worms enjoying her verginity instead of him. Suggesting that if she continues to waste time she will die a virgin. then Worms shall try/ that long preserv'd Virginity:(lines 27-28). Whereas Donne's argument revolves around a metaphorical flea. Which as claimed by the speaker, represents his union with the maiden in matrimony, since the flea has taken blood from them both.It suck'd me first and now sucks thee/And in this flea our two bloods mingled be(lines 3-4). And, since their bloods have already mingled together, intercourse with him wouldn't be a sin and no honor would be lost if she yields to him.Though know'st that this cannot be said/A sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhood: (lines 5-6) Though however similar the gist of the poems might be, the art of seduction used by each speaker is quite different. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress seems to change his tone of persuasion rapidly from stanza to stanza. At first he is sweet, comming across as a gentleman and overstating how many ages he would spent on a single part of her anatomy A hundred years should go to praise/Thine Eyes..Two hundred to adore each breast (lines14-15). Then he dramatically changes to say that the worms will take her in her grave and that she will loose her beauty and die. In The Flea, the speaker tries to convince the maiden that they are one, since the flea has sucked both their blood and if she were to kill the flea, she would commit three sins by taking three lives, refering to his, hers, and the flea.And sacrilege three sins in killing three(line18). This speaker is however quick on his feet and very slick. The maiden kills the flea, proving his convivtions to be false. He responds however, by telling her that she suffers from false fears, because if she looses her virginity to him, she still has her honor. Just so much honor when thou yield'st to me/Will waste as this fleas death took life from thee(lines 26-27). These two unique poems containing their differences but over all more similarities are entertaining pieces for any reader to view and listen to the cunning speaker attempting to get his maiden.

How the French Describe Clothing Shape and Texture

How the French Describe Clothing Shape and Texture The French are specialists in great clothing  and  shoes. They differentiate them endlessly according to shape, texture and more. As a result, there are plenty of adjectives and expressions that are used every day to describe the attributes of clothing. Before using all these adjectives, it is an opportune moment  to review the basic rules of adjectives, what an adjective is and its grammatical behavior in French. Basic Rules for French Adjectives These terms  must follow the  basic rules of agreement for French adjectives. For example, if an adjective ends in a consonant, add an  e  to make it feminine, a silent  s  to make it plural. Adjectives are usually placed after the noun in French. Plus, the final consonant of adjectives is silent. It is pronounced only in the feminine when followed by a silent e. To modify fashion adjectives, the French commonly use the adverbs trop (too), pas assez (not enough) and vraiment (truly). The adjectives and expressions here are worth knowing, chiefly because theyll be incredibly useful in everyday life. Ironically, fashion is  the field where students lack vocabulary the most, even though it is a major theme in French conversations.   To remedy this lack, here are French adjectives and expressions commonly used to describe clothes. In every case, the masculine form is listed; the feminine form follows in parentheses only if the adjective  is irregular. La forme (the shape) Droit straightPlissà © pleatedFendu with a splitSerrà © tightMoulant clingyAmple largeÉvasà © flareDà ©colletà ©   low cutCache-coeur crossed/wrapped over the chest Laspect et la texture (the appearance  and the texture) Doux (douce) softRugueux (rugueuse) roughÉpais (à ©paisse) thickFluide fluidFin thinChaud warmun pull qui gratte   a sweater that itches (there is no French term for itchy)Confortable  Ã‚  comfortable (note the  n in French)Transparent   see-through Le look (the look) Chic  (the same in feminine) stylishÉlà ©gant   elegant la mode   fashionable  Dà ©modà ©Ã‚   old-fashionedBranchà ©Ã‚   trendyCool   hip, coolSympa   niceJoli   prettyBeau  (belle) beautifulMagnifique   gorgeousPas mal   not badLaid   uglyMoche   ugly (slang)Uni   plainChargà ©Ã‚   busySobre   understatedVoyant   gaudyVulgaire   vulgarSexy   sexyUni  Ã‚  plain  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Imprimà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  printed  Ã‚  Rayà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  striped La taille (the size) Grand  Ã‚  big  Large  Ã‚  broad, wide, largeLong  (longue)   longCourt  Ã‚  shortÉtroit  Ã‚  tight Le Prix  (the price) Cher  (chà ¨re)   expensiveHors de  prix  Ã‚  super expensivePas  cher  Ã‚  inexpensive, cheap  (inexpensive is  literally  bon  marchà ©,  but thats never used)Soldà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  marked down Expressions Cette robe... this dress... ...tombe  bien  sur  toi  Ã‚  falls nicely on you...te  va  bien  Ã‚  fits you nicely (we use an indirect object pronoun and the verb  aller)...tamincit  Ã‚  makes you look thinner Ce  pantalon... this pair of pants... ...ne  te  va  pas du tout  Ã‚  doesnt fit you at all...te  grossis  Ã‚  makes you look fat...me  gratte  Ã‚  is itchy / itches   Now that you know how to describe many kinds of clothing, you may want to know how to say their colors, too.  Study how to say  various colors in French  and the very strict rules you must follow when using them.

Current Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Economic - Essay Example According to Aversa, May â€Å"was the second month in a row that consumer spending went up by 0.5 percent.† This is a trend showing that May was not merely a fluke, and this could be the start of a sustainable trend. Further supporting that hypothesis was the fact that incomes also rebounded in May. As Aversa asserts, incomes are â€Å"the fuel for future spending.† Thus, it is a reasonable assumption that we could see continued strong performance on this leading economic indicator. Aversa also mentions in her article that construction spending also increased in May by nearly a full percentage point. This increase in construction spending was â€Å"the biggest gain in nearly 1  ½ years,† and was fueled by â€Å"Brisk spending on big government projects, such as hospitals and other health care facilities, and by private builders on commercial construction, such as office buildings, eclipsed continued weakness in the housing sector.† The combined increases in consumer and construction spending arguably illustrate broad economic strength in both the commercial and personal consumer areas leading into the summer months. This article speaks directly to a couple of very fundamental economic indicators. While it is mostly a litany of facts about the state of economic performance in May, the article alludes to the power of incomes and spending to produce a strong economy. Spending, both consumer and commercial, quickly reverberates to other areas of the economy. Without strong consumer and other spending, it is difficult for other factors of economic health to take hold. Manufacturing and production will only result in large idle inventories if spending is low. That means fewer jobs as companies seek to slash there supplies in response to lower demand, and in doing so reduce their overhead costs including employment. On the other hand, strong consumer spending translates into increased manufacturing of supply, which in turn leads to greater hiring and lower

Interracial Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interracial Relationships - Essay Example Hence, acculturation has been in vogue particularly from the second half of the last century, and people have not only given up the policy of ethno-racial hatred, but are also entering into matrimonial relationships with the individuals belonging to the races that were considered to be inferior and rival ones for the last many centuries. â€Å"Of course racial mixture is nothing new – it has been the history of the world. What stand out as novel are the forms of political contestation gathering around the topic of ‘mixed race’† (Parker & Song 2001, 1) 1 It is a reality beyond suspicion that there certainly exists a significant proportion of society that views his race as inferior one in comparison to others and enters into marital knot with some other ethnic group in order to conceal its complex on the one hand, and produce comparatively better generation in the form of bi-cultural children on the other. However, the history is replete with several examples of interracial love affairs, which end into happy marital union without displaying the slightest signs of inferiority complexes in the background. As we approach the twenty-first century biracialism and biculturalism are becoming increasingly common. Skin color and place of birth are no longer reliable signifiers of one's identity or origin. (O’Hearn 2008) The literary pieces, including â€Å"How It Feels to be Coloured to Me†, by Zora Neale Hurston, express the sentiment and feelings of the Blacks while their interaction with the majority white community of the USA. Similarly, Amiri Baraka's play â€Å"SOS† (1964) also serves as a gorgeous expression of the pain one feels out of the miseries and complexes the minority ethnic groups undergo while living far from their native land. The contemporary era has witnessed tremendous growth and developments in the field of communications in the aftermath of rapid technological advancements. Consequently, travelling fro m one part of the globe to the others has become vehemently popular, swift and easy. People move to the advanced regions, including the USA and Europe, in the pursuit of superior employment, health, education and career prospects, which has forced the people of divergent racial groups to live in the multi-cultural society and to work in the multi-racial organizations. Gone are the days when the African Americans were brought as slaves in chains for the labor, toil and substandard services from their native land, and were looked down upon by the Arabs, Turks, White Anglo Saxon Population (WASP) and others as inferior creature. As a result, an overwhelming majority of the Blacks, Chinese and Japanese marry the whites taking into a step towards their growth and progress in the social hierarchy. The Blacks were humiliated and abhorred by the whites and they were not allowed to travel and inter-dine even with the whites, and they were deprived of even basic necessities of life. The same was the fate of the yellow races including the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and others. However, the situation took drastic turn and the brave and courageous Blacks launched the Harlem

Does gay marriage threaten the family Essay Example for Free

Does gay marriage threaten the family Essay The question is clear does gay marriages threatens the family? To my belief yes it does with a capital Y. It is for a very simple reason that it nullifies the basic web of the society, the family. By the term alone, for instance if a two male person established among themselves what they so called â€Å"conjugal love or the so called domestic partnership â€Å"who would be called the mommy and the dad. If they have children by adoption or from the other partner would that child not be confused that his or her mom is physically and physiologically like his dad? In this aspect it also waters down the dignity of a man and that of a woman. For all we know yes we are created equal but were given recognition that each one has his and her role to play. And that part cannot be taken away by some whims of only few individuals. In fact, it is everyone’s concern to value his masculinity and for the woman her femininity. Those who can not recognize this fact is in no way no longer care for respect for the right reason. Ralph Wedgewoods justifications are like a mens rea. Justification does not eliminate one’s malicious act. He justifies gay marriages by attacking the evils in marriages. He could have forgotten that he is once a product of a basic family of a union between a man and a woman. Divorce, children born out of wedlock, abandonment, etc. are ills to our society but must not be taken into account that since we have this evil, marriage is doomed. In fact, a holy marriage is a sanctuary, a place where we could raise good citizens of the world. When love is lacking between a complete man and a complete woman, how can we be so sure that love between the same sexes is less chaotic? I do not deny the value of clean friendship here; same sexes could love each other in a platonic and respectful way. Giving into licentiousness already debases the human dignity, and that dignity is for everyone. Perfect union is only enjoyed by legitimate love. Anything outside of it is simply lust. And when lust diminishes convulsion of consciences regains unless that conscience has had hardened its heart not being able to conceive what is right and what is wrong. Maggie Gallagher’s discusses in her book â€Å"What is Marriage for? †. That gay marriage is nothing new. It could be accepted in Massachusetts and may infiltrate the 50 states of America. Marriage is defined as giving a legal ground for sexual desires of adult individual but it has more to offer. Well it is not simply institutionalizing a marriage and begetting children. It is beyond that. Moreover it is not only for the elite. But justice dictates that if a man and a woman can not properly raise a child it is better for him and her to live continence. Many have fallen into the ifs’ and buts’ of marriage, but if we could only look at one direction and try to research what it really mean to be. Finally, everyone could have a conclusion that marriage is never a license but more of a gift of faith and love. Matrimony is defined in the Humane Vitae (Human life) as Married love which is far from being the effect of the result of blind evolution of the natural forces in which husband and wife through mutual gift of themselves perfect themselves as one in cooperating with God for generating new lives. It is a love that is total. How many have come in to marriage without valuing this basic requirement? They are the ones on the event of sorrows of daily life ran away from their commitment. It is them who forget that married love is faithful and exclusive until death. They never thought that it is a real commitment and not just a sharing of domestic problems. â€Å"Marriage and conjugal love are ordained toward procreation and education of children which are the supreme gift of marriage. † (VI, 1968) This always includes responsible parenthood and the observance of the natural law. Marriage between same sex is not only a direct defiance to God’s will who have created the whole universe but a rendering injustice to ones self. A man with a common sense knew that anything unnatural is a hoax. Never would a man find complete ecstasy on any union that is filled with guilt and full of perversion. In Kerry Howley`s debate, she stresses more on the political side of the issue. The author could have forgotten one dimension of marriage. This social institution is not only bounded by a certain state but is treated more of a sacrament. The unions between spouses are not only by civil norms but out bounds the soul. Religion, the church, and God who created you and me have institutionalized marriage to be the seed of His elects. Here we are not negating the rights of lesbians and homosexuals, in fact our society of today are more civil with them and accepted them as creative and respectable individuals. But to carry on an error of licentiousness we are just debasing their human existence. There are always limitations where we can not be what we want but in the eye of a believer of truth he could see beyond even if his eyes are closed. Let consciences be heard and man will bend his knees, for all we know something out there is of greater value, more precious than gold. Our soul and its eternal end.

Nineteen Eighty Four - Fiction :: essays research papers

â€Å"Nineteen Eighty Four† – Fictional World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In English this semester we have studied three different texts. All three texts were based on original, fictional worlds. The fictional world which stood out above the rest and really amazed me would have to be ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was the most realistic out of the three. While reading the novel you really get into the fictional world and think like the main character Winston Smith. Three aspects of the text which made this world so interesting to study were The Inner Party, Big Brother, and the Thought Police. Each of these interesting aspects in Nineteen Eighty Four play a great part in the novel itself and the way the fictional world works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inner Party played a huge role in creating the fascinating world in ‘Nineteen Eighty Four’. The Inner Party was in charge of Airstrip1 and wanted to be superior over everyone. They wanted the party to be the people’s first loyalty over anything else. They didn’t allow marriage or even sex for this was an act of loyalty between two people and not to the party. An example of this is when Winston and Julia were caught having a sexual relationship and were taken away by the Thought Police. They were then made to betray eachother, love the Party, and to believe what ever the party said was true. The Party had control over everything even peoples minds. This was proved when O ‘ Brien held up four fingers and said to Winston â€Å"how many fingers am I holding up?† Winston replied â€Å"Five†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big Brother also played a big role in creating the world which ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was based in. Big Brother is a figure, which the Party has created to frighten people and give them more power. The Party can do anything they like and when someone questions them they can just say there under orders from Big Brother. Big Brother is everywhere in every house (except proles), every street, wall, and he is always shouting out â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† the text which backs this up is when Winston describes that ‘On each landing, opposite the lift shaft the poster with enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures, which are so conceived that the eyes follow you about when you move’. Big Brother is so important to the world in the novel because the figure stops thought crime, gives the people someone to look up to and someone to love, lets the Party tell the people anything they want and the people will beli eve it, such as propaganda.

Zara Supply Chain China

Case Study and Exercises Exercise #1 We were given the formula of distance , where D – Distance from location L (distribution center) to location I (consumption point); – X coordinate of the warehouse l (distribution); – X coordinate of the store i (consumption); – Y coordinate of the warehouse l (distribution); – Y coordinate of the store i (consumption). Consequently, applying these formula in the Excel we receive the following result: Then, multiplying the distance by the amount of demand and summing up for each relevant location, we get: Thus, the answer is LOCAY, because it has the minimal score. Exercise #2 Using provided formulas , where – X coordinate of the optimal location for warehouse; – Y coordinate of the optimal location; – X coordinate of store i; – Y coordinate of store i; – Load (or Demand) of the store i, we get And finally The answer is (8;11). Zara's Case Study Company Profile Zara is one of the largest international fashion companies with 1671 stores around the globe. It is a part of Inditex holding. Inditex is one of the world's largest fashion retailers, welcoming shoppers at its eight store formats -Zara, Pull & Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterque – boasting 5. 93 stores in 85 markets [www. inditex. com], [www. zara. com]. In 1975 the first Zara shop was founded in Spain. In 1976-1984 In-Spain expansion takes place. In 1988 it enters Portuguese market. Followed by US and France, it quickly becomes world-brand and until 2006 it had 52 countries which held retail operations of the company. Za ra concentrates on the three principles to satisfy the customer [http://ru. scribd. com/doc/27372254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara#]: Short lead Time which results in â€Å"more† fashionable clothes Lower quantities – scarce supply More styles, which create a greater possibility of attracting needed customers. ) Zara's designing process organized in a way such that the stores, which actually interact with the customers, communicate to the head office in Spain the needs of the customers and the trends in fashion clothes. Thus, making it possible for the company to react to market changes within 30 days [http://thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf], which makes Zara unreachable for the same-size competitors. 2) Reducing the number of clothes manufactured in each style creates the â€Å"scarcity† which is applicable to fashion clothes. The less it is available, the more desirable it becomes. As a result, Zara discounts only approx. 0% of its products. 3) The stores are supplied with new merchandise twice a week, thus making them seem â€Å"new† every 3-4 days. On average, Zara creates around 11,500 styles per year [http://thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf; http://www. slideshare. net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928#btnNext]. Moreover, m ost of the production facilities are located in Spain, near the headquarters, so that the company has more control over the operations, producing and distributing. Zara's characteristics of vertical supply chain Zara is a vertically integrated retailer. Unlike similar apparel retailers, Zara controls most of  the steps on the supply-chain: It designs, produces, and distributes itself. The business system that had resulted was particularly distinctive in that Zara manufactured its most fashion-sensitive products internally. Zara did not produce â€Å"classics†, clothes that would always be in-style. In fact, the company intended its clothes to have fairly short life spans, both within-stores and in customers' closets. Retailers like the American chain ‘Gap’ and the Swedish retailer  Ã¢â‚¬ËœHennes ; Mauritz’   completely outsource their production to factories around the world and mostly to low cost Asian countries. In contrast, it is estimated that 76 percent of Zara's production is carried out in Europe which is within the small radius of its headquarters in Spain. In fact, almost half of its production is in owned or closely-controlled facilities. Another 24% are produced in Asian region [http://www. slideshare. net/anusaj/zara-ppt#btnNext] While this gives a tremendous amount of flexibility, it does contend with higher people costs – that of up to 19 times as much as Asian ones. The group also owns capital intensive facilities in Spain, which can do dyeing and processing of the fabric as well as cutting and garment finishing. Provided that, Inditex has an ability to adjust to the new trend or demand in a very short time. Overall Supply Chain is can be described as follows: Collect the information from retailing points. At least two times per week the sailing points should somehow conduct the information to the headquarters in Spain, providing information for the groups in charge to develop and decide on the range of clothes which will be demanded by the customers in the observed future. This work is done by approx. 200 people, which develop up to 1,000 styles per month [http://ru. scribd. om/doc/27372254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara#] The information is also received via sales reports from retail points. Thus it can be claimed, that Zara has invested a lot into IT, to make the up-to-date information flow possible. Decide on the needed clothes, distinguish trends. After depicting and sketching appropriate merchandise for the stores, they send the order to facilities, which are located near the head offic e. Moreover, it should be said that Zara somehow lowers its risks by purchasing uncolored fabric or even raw materials, thus making enhancing flexibility. The process organized in such way, that final product may be even painted on demand. However, only cutting of material is done within the company. Actual sewing is done by workshops, which are mostly located in Spain or Portugal. None of the workshops belongs to Zara. The company provides them with instructions how to do the work for its own needs. Zara being vertically integrated has its own distribution network, which allows the company to further control physical flow. Since the time has a great value for Zara, the newly produced merchandise arrives to the stores within 48 hours. [http://ru. cribd. com/doc/27372254/Supply-Chain-Practices-of-Zara#] An esteem of time, needed to pass from development of the product to actual shipping is around 7-10 days. [http://thirdeyesight. in/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I. pdf] Zara's development in China First Zara's store was opened in Shanghai, in February 2006, and during the first day store has managed to generate 800,000 RMB of revenue . Within a year Zara opened 12 new stores across China, and accorfding to the latest data (31st of July) its chain had 114 stores within China (out of 355 operating in Asian region) [http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Zara_%28retailer%29#Stores] in over 40 cities, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenyang and other. [http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-09/06/content_15737684. htm] During 2011 Beijing Consumer Association was checking the quality of Zara's product. The result was that they accused company of selling lower quality products on chineese market. [http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2011-04/26/content_12396211. htm]. However, the company doesn't seem to be damaged: no apologizes nor compensations followed. .On 5th of September, 2012 Zara opened its on-line shop in China.

Hot and Cold Holding Essay

All potentially hazardous foods, except those prepared for immediate consumption by a patron, must be maintained in a manner that prevents the growth or development of bacteria. When holding foods for service, such as on a buffet line, keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold. Hot-holding equipment must be able to keep foods at 135Â °F or higher. Cold-holding equipment must be able to keep foods at 41Â °F or colder. Hot-Holding Guidelines When holding foods for service, observe the following: Stir the food at regular intervals to distribute heat evenly throughout the food. Keep food covered to retain heat and keep potential contaminants from falling into the food. Use a food thermometer to measure the food’s internal temperature every 2 hours. Discard any hot food after 4 hours if it has not been maintained at 135Â °F or higher. Never use hot-holding equipment to reheat foods. Foods must be heated to an internal temperature of 165Â °F and then transferred to the hot-holding equipment. Never mix freshly prepared food with foods being held for service as this could contaminate foods. Cold-Holding Guidelines When holding cold foods for service, observe the following: Protect all foods from possible contamination by covering them or using food shields. Use a food thermometer to measure the food’s internal temperature every 2 hours. Take corrective action whenever the temperature of a cold food item goes above 41Â °F. Never store food items directly on ice. All food items, with certain exceptions, should be placed in pans or on plates when displayed. Ice used for a display should be self-draining, and all pans and plates should be sanitized after each use. Whenever dealing with questionable hot-holding and cold-holding practices, always resolve the issue in favor of food safety. It is better to discard potentially hazardous foods than risk your customers’ health and safety. One way to avoid discarding too much food is to prepare and cook only as much as you will use in a short time.

Hormones have a central role to play in regulating body function The WritePass Journal

Hormones have a central role to play in regulating body function Introduction Hormones have a central role to play in regulating body function IntroductionHyperthyroidismBlood glucoseHypoglycaemiaKidneysOsmoregulationHomeostasisBibliography Related Introduction All hormones in the body play a central role in the body, and quite a few of them regulate body function and help keep homeostasis. One gland that makes and stores important hormones is the Thyroid gland, which is located at the lower part of the neck, below the Adams apple and is wrapped around the trachea. The hormones it produces and stores help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and the rate at which food is converted to energy. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The thyroid gland also makes the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism and stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone. The production of thyroid hormones is controlled by another hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This is made by an endocrine gland in the brain called the pituitary gland. The thyroid gland can become overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism). Hypothyroidism usually develops gradually. The symptoms are mild some of the symptoms are, tiredness, dry skin, thinning hair, sore muscles, weakness, depression, weight gain and a slow heart rate. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is autoimmune thyroiditis, this is an autoimmune disease, which is caused by antibodies attacking the body, rather than attacking foreign bodies like bacteria. The Antibodies destroy the thyroid gland cells and this prevents the thyroid gland from working properly. Hypothyroidism can be treated with a thyroxine replacement medicine, called levothyroxine. Hyperthyroidism The thyroid gland is overactive and produces excess thyroid hormones; Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Its is another autoimmune disease. In Graves disease, the antibodies mimic the activity of TSH, causing the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, leading to the symptoms of hyperthyroidism some of the symptoms are, shaking, being hot and sweating more than usual, losing weight, having increased appetite, tiredness, muscle weakness, palpitations and shortness of breath. Medical treatment of hyperthyroidism can be anti-thyroid medicines such as carbimazole and propylthiouracil, to reduce the production of thyroid hormones. However, over time anti-thyroid medicines can lead to hypothyroidism. Blood glucose Controlled by hormones; these hormones are controlled by the pancreas. The pancreas has glucose receptor cells, which monitor the concentration of glucose in the blood, and it also has endocrine cells (called the islets of Langerhans), which secrete hormones. The alpha cells in the islets secrete the hormone glucagon, while the beta cells in the islets secrete the hormone insulin. In a healthy person blood glucose levels should be 80-120mg.100cm- ³. Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high to make it fall and glucagon is secreted when blood glucose is low to make it rise. As shown in the diagram: The most common disorders involving blood glucose and the hormones are diabetes type 1 and type 2; Type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by a lack of insulin either by a faulty insulin gene so there is no functioning insulin or by an autoimmune attack on the beta islets cells that produce the insulin so there are no cells left to produce it. This type of diabetes mainly occurs in children and young adults, onset is usually sudden. The main Symptoms of this are fatigue and copias quantities of urine which contains glucose. If this goes undiagnosed and treated then a coma may result from hyperglycaemic or hypoglycaemic, hyperglycaemia is where too much blood glucose is in the body, there is no insulin so no removal of the glucose from blood, the kidney then cant reabsorb all the glucose and the glucose in the urine takes water with it by osmosis, cells also can’t take the glucose in the blood up quick enough so start using fats and proteins in respiration, all this causes Dehydration, loss of vital salts and low blood pH which results in a coma. Hypoglycaemia Where there is not enough blood glucose, and no glycogen stores in liver because of the lack of insulin, glucagon has nothing to act on and blood glucose is too low to supply respiring cells which results in a coma. The treatment for type 1 is diet and insulin injections. Type 2 none insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is caused by a resistance to insulin and usually comes later on in life, a contributing factor to type 2 is also obesity, treatment is diet and exercise, tablet that increase cell sensitivity to insulin and in extreme cases insulin injections. Additional glands that make hormones are the adrenal glands (also called suprarenal glands), these are small glands located on top of both kidneys. The adrenal glands work with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Both adrenal glands are composed of two parts that have different functions and structures. The outer part is the cortex and is essential to life, where as the inner part is the medulla and is not essential to life. The adrenal cortex makes three groups of steroid hormones from cholesterol, collectively called adrenocorticocoids these are, glucocorticoids, minerslocorticoids and sex hormones (androgens). The medulla is completely surrounded by the cortex, and it is part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It is stimulated by its extensive sympathetic nerve supply to produce the hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). One of the main disorders of the adrenal cortex is hypersecretion of glucocorticoids or Cushing’s syndrome, symptoms of this syndrome include; weight gain and fatty deposits, skin changes, depression, brittle bones, muscle weakness, headaches and high blood pressure. Cushing’s syndrome can be caused by an over use of a steroid medication or by a tumour that causes your body to produce more cortisol. Treatments for these causes could be reducing the dose of steroid medication or for tumours surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. With the adrenal medulla the main disorder is hormone secreting tumours, which cause excess adrenaline and noradrenaline, the symptoms of which are; hypertension, weight loss, nervousness, headaches excessive sweating, hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. Kidneys Important functions to do within the body, there functions are; the formation of urine, filtration and selective reabsorption. Each kidney is associated with a different group of structures, the right kidney is associated with; the right adrenal gland, the right lobe of the liver, the duodenum, the hepatic flexure of the colon, the diaphragm and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. The left kidney is associated with; the left adrenal gland, the spleen, stomach, pancreas, jejunum, the splenic flexure of the colon, the diaphragm and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. The kidney is extremely flexible in its working. It excretes large amount of hypotonic urine when water intake is very high, while it excretes small amount of hypertonic urine when water is deficient and needs to be conserved. This is very useful in Osmoregulation. Osmoregulation control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood.   The water potential of the blood must be regulated to prevent loss or gain of water from cells. Blood water homeostasis is controlled by the hypothalamus. It contains osmosreceptor cells, which can detect changes in the water potential of the blood passing through the brain. In response, the hypothalamus controls the sensation of thirst, and it also secretes the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone). ADH is stored in the pituitary gland, and its target cells are the endothelial cells of the collecting ducts of the kidney nephrons. These cells are unusual in that water molecules can only cross their membranes via water channels called aquaporins, rather than through the lipid bilayer. ADH causes these water channels to open. It works as the diagram below shows. All these hormones that have been mentioned are working to help keep homeostasis. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment and is important because it results in our cells being bathed in tissue fluid which has the correct amount of water, mineral salts, glucose and temperature, a great deal of the hormone system is dedicated to homeostasis. Temperature homeostasis is controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus. It receives input from two sets of thermoreceptors: receptors in the hypothalamus itself monitor the temperature of the blood as it passes through the brain (the core temperature), and receptors in the skin monitor the external temperature. Both pieces of information are needed so that the body can make appropriate adjustments. As stated previously Blood glucose concentration is controlled by the pancreas. The pancreas has glucose receptor cells, which monitor the concentration of glucose in the blood, and it also has endocrine cells (called the islets of Langerhans), which secrete hormones. Homeostasis Controlled by our nervous and endocrine systems. The endocrine system is all the glands that secrete hormones (proteins or steroids) some glands that have been mentioned and a lot more that haven’t, the main glands are; Thyroid, Pituitary, Pancreas,   Adrenal, Hypothalamus, Testes and Ovaries. The endocrine system relies on negative feedback to maintain control. This works as shown in the diagram, Negative feedback means that whenever a change occurs in a system, the change automatically causes a corrective mechanism to start, which reverses the original change and brings the system back to normal. It also means that the bigger then change the bigger the corrective mechanism. Bibliography Bupa (2011) [Online] Available at: www.bupa.co.uk (02/04/2011) MedicineNet (2011) [Online] Available at www.medterms.com (01/04/2011) Scott, D. (2004) [Online] Available at www.biologymad.com (02/04/2011) Tutorvista (2010) [Online] Available at www.tutorvista.co.uk (02/04/2011) University of Maryland Medical Centre (2010) [Online] Available at www.umm.edu/endocrin/adrengl.htm (02/04/2011) Waugh, A. And Grant, A. (2006) Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 10th edn: Elsevier Limited.

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes Measuring wood is part science, part art; you use many different units, you face many potential problems. The below  quote from  Converting Factors for Southern Pine Products, Williams and Hopkins, USDA, 1968 illustrates how confusing measuring and converting wood volumes can be. Measuring and estimating wood volume is not for the faint of heart. Theoretically, one cubic foot (of wood volume) contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a conventional figure for approximations. When the conversion applies to trees, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied. When marketing your timber you must either know how to measure forest products or get someone to do it for you. At best you can be very confused when talking to a wood buyer; at worst you can lose a significant portion of the value of your wood. To make the situation even more problematic, some buyers use this ignorance of volumes to trick  the seller. They have every opportunity to do so and a few use this to their financial advantage. Knowing tree measuring units is very complicated and even foresters have a hard time when talking volumes. Three hundred dollar per thousand logs using Doyle log rule is not the same as three hundred dollars per thousand logs using Scribner log rule. Most mensurationists and foresters would agree that there is an advantage to weighing wood and weight is the measurement of choice. In the real world, however, it is impractical to totally convert to weight. A history of wrestling with the problem  of measuring logs  to determine how much usable product might be manufactured from them created numerous measuring units. These units are self-perpetuating because of many factors including foreign trade, standing timber volume, accepted taxing units, regional custom, buying and selling advantages. The Pulpwood Measurement The standard measurement unit for wood used for paper and fuel is the  cord. This is a stack of wood 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft. containing approximately 128 cubic feet of bark,  wood  and air space. Air space can actually be as high as 40 percent but usually averages 25 percent. You can see where weight can be advantageous here. Pulpwood purchases by weight are very common and weight per cord varies widely with species and geography. A hardwood pulpwood cord generally weighs between 5,400 pounds and 6,075 pounds. A pine pulpwood cord weighs between 4,700 pounds and 5,550 pounds. You really need to determine your local average weight by species when measuring cordwood. Purchasing mills or men who harvest pulpwood can give you wood weights for your area. The U.S. Forest Service or your  State Forester  also has a wealth of information on regional average weights. Pulpwood bought in the form of chips are  separate  issue and for another discussion. The Sawtimber Measurement A round log, generally, must be made into square or rectangular pieces to be able to determine wood volume and value. Three systems, or  log rules  and scales, have been developed to do just this. They are called the  Doyle rule, Scribner rule, and International rule. They were developed to estimate board foot mill tally, usually quoted as thousand board feet or MBF. Our problem when using these log rules or scales is that they will give you three different volumes for the same pile of logs. Measuring average sized logs - Doyle, Scribner, and International rules - will give volumes that may vary as much as 50%. This overrun is greatest using Doyle and the least using International. Buyers like to purchase using Doyle log rule while sellers like to sell using Scribner or International. There will always be a difference in volumes estimated from scaler to scaler. They get into trouble when decreasing  actual number  of measurements and start estimating; they measure at inappropriate points on the log, miss estimate roundness, and dont deduct for  defect. Accurate scaling of trees and logs requires skill and experience. The Conversion Factor Mensurationists cringe at the word conversion factor. They correctly feel that conversion from one unit of measure to another unit of measure of wood is too imprecise to depend on. Their job is to be precise. But you have to have some way to estimate volumes and be able to cross over to differing units. You now have an idea of how complicated this volume issue can become. To add a conversion factor to volumes may distort actual volumes even more. Related Links Approximate Conversions of the Most Common Units of Wood Measure

China is the new Neo-Imperialist Power in Africa Essay

China is the new Neo-Imperialist Power in Africa - Essay Example In most African countries, independence and an end to colonial rule did not result in their gaining of complete control over economic, or even political affairs. Although considered as sovereign states, African countries continue to remain â€Å"under the economic and political control of their former rulers and the rich industrialized nations who direct the economic fortunes of the world †. This kind of indirect, hidden command exerted on developing nations by the more advanced and powerful nations is termed as neocolonialism. It is the last stage of imperialism; and is defined as â€Å"control of the economic and development destiny by a former colonial area such as Africa by outside powers after independence†. Neocolonialism is illustrated by the British giving independence to Nigeria while at the same time maintaining control over the country’s political, social and economic spheres. Europe and the United States had colonized Africa and continued to exert neocolonialism over the continent even after acceding it independence in the early 1960s. However, they have mostly seen Africa as a recipient of financial aid, and a region lacking economic development because of high levels of corruption and divisive rule by the African leaders. On the other hand, China with its drive for development and for achieving prosperity has been eager to invest in Africa with its rich natural resources. â€Å"China’s phenomenal economic growth has seen the country rise to world leadership status†. The country’s distinctive position in the community of nations enables it to span the developing world as well as the developed nations as a part of the United Nations Security Council. Over the last six decades, China has changed its foreign policy from confrontational measures to cooperation, economic development and international engagement. Capitalizing on its linka ge with the developing world, China has strengthened its relations with Africa through trade and cooperation. Muekalia (2004, p.5) argues that China sees Africa as a partner in fulfilling its strategic goals of energy, trade and geopolitical interests. However, African leaders eager to initiate and benefit from their country’s developmental projects, accorded China control over their own countries’ politics and economic sectors. As a result, and also based on Chinese self-interests, China is found to be the new neo-imperialist power in Africa. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to discuss China’s role as the new neo-imperialist power in Africa. China as the New Neo-Imperialist Power in Africa At the core of neocolonialism is the fact that an independent continent such as Africa with all the outward trappings of international sovereignty, in reality has an economic system and political policy directed from outside. Africa needs to strengthen the econo my of its countries and eliminate neocolonialism. On the other hand, the technological and economic inequalities between Africa and the rich industrialized nations are so great that it would be impossible to accomplish the material advances required without the assistance and cooperation of these advanced nations. Significantly, few countries offer such help without ensuring the advancement of their own interests in some way (Boateng 1978). Edoho (2011) investigated China-Africa relations by contextualizing China’s economic activities in Africa and determining the outcomes of the evolving relations for economic development in the region. China-Africa relations are found to be the consequence of the marginalization of Africa in the age of globalization. After the cold war ended, western disengagement from Africa created a vacuum which China is in the process of filling. Africa is embracing China because of the

Global Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Poverty - Research Paper Example Extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa however increased to 46% in 2001 and it combined numbers of individuals living in extreme poverty (World Bank, 2004). Some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia suffered a sharp decline in income in the 1990s and the breakup of the Soviet Union also caused a significant reduction in their Gross Development Product per capita (Radio Free Europe, 2012). Poverty rates in the region increased as a result; improvements were gradually seen in the following years with per capital incomes recovering and poverty rates dropping. The World Bank also declared that poverty rates would start improving in Georgia and Ukraine in 2007 (Radio Free Europe, 2012). World Bank figures also indicate that based on 2004 figures, percentage of people living in poor households in East Asia and the Pacific region are at 9.07%; in Europe and Central Asia at 0.95%; in Latin America and the Caribbean at 8.64%; Middle East and North Africa at 1.47%; in South Asia at 30.84%; and Sub-Saharan Africa at 41.09%. There are also other indicators which are being used to indicate poverty, including life expectancy, child mortality, food supplies or calories taken per day, wage, literacy, and access to clean water (World Bank, 2004). ... Africa is also predicted to suffer even worse conditions in the years to come. Economic aspects of poverty highlights material needs, mostly those which include the necessities of daily living, like food, clothing, shelter, and safe drinking water. Poverty is therefore understood as the condition where a person or community does not have the basic needs to support the minimum standards of well-being, mostly due to the lack of a continued source of income (Townsend, 1979). An assessment of the social elements of poverty considers scarcity and elements of distribution resources as well as power forces in society as determinants of poverty levels. The social elements of poverty include lack of access to information, education, health, as well as political power. Poverty may also be considered in terms of unequal social conditions and social relationship including dependency, social exclusion, and failure to participate or to establish connections in society (Townsend, 1979). This social exclusion can be reduced via higher connections in the general society. The World Bank discussed that based on their assessment of about 20,000 poor individuals in 23 countries, they identified the following elements as determinants of poverty: unstable livelihoods, excluded locations, physical restrictions, gender relations, issues in social relations, limited or reduced security or safety, abuse of power, limited capabilities, disempowered institutions, and weak community organizations (Blastland, 2007). Under these conditions, poverty can be as significant problem, restricting opportunities as well as capabilities among the population affected. The main individuals affected by this issue are the people in developing countries,

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stakeholder and Governance Analysis - Essay Example Its aim is to raise awareness on the dangers of the pandemic especially among the youths who are more vulnerable. The initiative is meant to promote quality health to all through the provision of clean and safe water to drink as well as awareness campaign against the spread of HIV/Aids. The main aim of the initiative is the fight against spread of HIV/Aids pandemic. The roundabout bolted on top of borehole was designed as a play power for the children hence they would be subconsciously consuming the Aids awareness information inscribed on the billboards while at play. They would be pumping clean and safe water for domestic use into the overhead tank which promotes better, quality health through the reduction of waterborne diseases and provision of water for vegetables. Stakeholders are often referred to as people who have interests in a certain project as well as those who are affected by that project. The major stakeholders in this case are the manufacturers of the roundabouts, local government, commercial advertisers, and children in particular as well as other ordinary members of the community who are beneficiaries of the project. Empowerment is mainly in the form of sponsorship from either the government or other charity organisations. The manufactures can be offered financial assistance for this noble cause by donor agencies such as NGOs. This would go a long way in establishing similar projects in many areas across the country. Stakeholders in the category of beneficiaries can be empowered through the provision of financial assistance that can be used to start small scale income generating projects that may improve the quality of their lives. Projects should be run by local community members who are the beneficiaries as a way of creating a sense of belonging such that they would utilise the project to the fullest extent inorder to achieve the desired goals. This initiative is meant to

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Psychology Essay

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Psychology Essay Organisations are struggling in the current competitive economic climate. Ensuring organizational survival may ultimately come down to attracting and recruiting skilled employees (Barber Roehling, 1993). Terpstra (1994) identified recruitment as an essential strategy for organisations to prosper and survive in the global economy, suggesting the initial attraction and selection of candidates may be the most important foundation for organisational performance. As the realisation of the link between human-capital and financial growth is now a shared knowledge across sectors, the crucial importance an employee holds is broader acknowledged (Gardner, 2002). Recruitment is a fundamental organisational activity defining who will constitute the organisation (Turban Cable, 2003). The difference between a mediocre and exceptional hire could mean momentous differences for organisational profit (Wicklund-Hansen Weyergang-Nielsen, 2007). Thus the benefits of efficient and successful recruiting are increasingly recognized in research and literature (Barber, 1998; Billsberry, 2007; Breaugh, 2008). Recognising the importance of employees, individually and as a whole, organisations are increasing their recruitment investments. Ralston Brady (1994) modestly suggested the average cost of recruiting and selecting to be over $2000 per individual. Given such large amounts are spent, there is both an expectation and a demand for recruitment to be of organisational benefit. The study by Terjesen, Vinnicombe and Freeman (2007) addresses the need for adapting recruitment practices to up-and-coming graduates, soon to constitute the labour force of the 21st century. Research findings by Ryan, Sacco, McFarland and Kriska (2000) emphasize also the importance of recognising the individual applicants choice in the recruitment process. However, Ryan and Tippins (2004) argue there are still large gaps between research and practice in this area. Recruitment in the current labour market Recruitment takes place in a wider societal context and shifts in the labour market will subsequently affect recruitment activities. In tighter markets potential candidates are likely to be less critical of the process as they are in desperate need for a job (Cable Judge, 1996). Contrary, in a flourishing economy where organisations are in demand of multiple hires, the on-going competition leads to a lack of high-quality candidates. Fernà ¡ndez-Arà ¡oz, Groysberg and Nohria (2009) claim organisations will face challenges when recruiting to replace the plentiful baby boomers. Some business sectors are especially prone to this and hence compete for the best candidates, also known as the war for talent (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002; Hiltrop; 1999). In contrast to much of Europe, Norway is a country where the economy is boosting (Takla, 2012). With an unemployment rate of 2.7% and increasing growth in the industry, Norway finds itself in a position where some occupations actually lack qualified workforce. Low unemployment rates will naturally increase competition for the best people (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002), but in Norway this is also combined with a strong economy and growing companies. Recent figures from the Norwegian labour and welfare administration revealed a need for 16.000 engineers in the imminent future (Kaspersen, 2012) The numbers are consistent with research predicting technical and engineering skills of particular shortage in the years to come (Dohm, 2000). Businesses in unrelenting demand of talent are consequently competing, all depending on qualified employers to survive (Tulgan, 2001). How recruitment is managed should be of essential value especially for organisations in such a position. A recent survey showed that 92% of organisations within the oil- and gas sector in Norway were in demand for graduate engineers (Vartdal Riise, 2012). One of the largest technical universities in Norway plans to expand their capacity for engineers by several hundred (Amelie, 2012a). An emerging job market consisting of desperate organisations and cohorts of new graduates triggers the need for further insight into attraction and recruitment. Defining recruitment Recruitment literature stretches over a wide spectre, thus claiming necessity to clarify a definition for the thesis at hand. Also, it must be distinguished between the two organisational activities recruitment and selection, tightly linked and often occurring simultaneously. Recruitment can be viewed as the initial and sustained attraction of candidates, whereas selection is the process of selecting among potential employees (Rynes Boudreau, 1986). Research on recruitment has often been subject to critique of having a static view of a process that is rather quite dynamic (Barber, 1998). In response this thesis views recruitment as an on-going process consisting of several stages (Saks Uggerslev, 2010) and will apply the following definition for recruitment: (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) the actions organizations take to generate applicant pools, maintain viable applicants, and encourage desired candidates to join those organizations (Dineen Soltis, 2011, p.43). This definition differs from B arbers (1998), critiqued for only focusing on attraction of candidates. Hence, it is desirable utilizing a definition that acknowledges the ultimate outcome of recruitment, namely a candidate ´s job offer acceptance (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002). Five dimensions of recruitment As the area of recruitment research is versatile, Barber ´s (1998) distinction between five dimensions of recruitment will be applied in the following paragraph. This serves as both a framework for organising a wide research area, as well as discussing previous work with its inevitable strengths and limitations. Clearly illustrated by these examples are how the dimensions are inextricably linked, underlining recruitment as dynamic and complex (Boswell, Roehling, LePine Moynihan, 2003). Context Rynes (1991) highlights the obvious fact that recruitment occurs in a wider contextual setting. The economic climate, labour market, organisational size and business-sector are all potentially influencing factors (Rynes, 1991; Rynes, Heneman Schwab, 1980; Taylor Bergmann, 1987; Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). As the experience of recruitment inevitably will vary, it can be of value to have more specific recruitment research related to a given context (Derous Schreurs, 2009). Moreover, the need to recognise context as a variable in concrete research is much needed, as a great deal of recruitment studies is done in experimental settings. For example, Rynes and Miller (1983) manipulated recruiter knowledge, recruiter affect, and job attributes to measure effects of recruiter influence. Goltz and Giannantonio (1995) manipulated recruiter friendliness in an experimental video-condition study. Both studies found recruitment activities to have an effect on candidates, confirming the cont ributing value of experimental studies in the development of recruitment research (Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin Jones, 2005). However, suggestions have been made that research designs using simulating job-applicants can lead to understated research claims (Rynes Miller, 1983; Uggerslev, Fassina Kraichy, 2012). Barber (1998) argues studies of experimental nature contribute to a simplification of the complexity the recruitment process holds. A simulated study does not necessarily capture the many variables and external occurrences that will influence a candidate in a real-world setting (Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin Jones, 2005). Studies utilizing real job seekers in an actual recruitment setting might validate the strength of previous findings, if holding true to contexts where influence of a recruitment process truly has consequences both for candidate and organisation. On the other hand, manipulating variables in recruitment activities would be ethically challenging (Highhouse, Lievens Sinar, 2003). Therefore, studies done in a real-life setting must choose a method in line with strict ethical considerations. Players Naturally receiving most attention in recruitment research has been organisational representatives and candidates. Recognising both parties is the social process paradigm with a view of recruitment as a two-way, inter-subjective interaction (Herriot, 2002). This perspective has progressively earned respect as an alternative to the dominating psychometric paradigm by allowing for the candidate ´s voice to be heard (Billsberry, 2007). The development towards a social process rather than a one-sided organisational choice leads to interesting interactions between candidate and organisation in the current economic climate. A number of recent studies have attempted to determine the best strategy for attracting and convincing candidates to accept job offers in a competitive market (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002; Turban, Forret Hendrickson, 1998; reference possibly Boswell et al, if not finding any other more about a competitive market). Extensively debated is whether recruiter characteristics and behaviour actually have an influence on candidates. Alderfer and McCord (1970) were among the first to explore the possible effect of recruiter characteristics; a continuing topic of interest as recruitment research has evolved. The meta-analysis by Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin and Jones (2005) concluded that recruiter behaviour such as being personable influenced candidate attraction to organisations. By applying signalling theory (Spence, 1973) to recruitment, research has demonstrated how candidates view recruiters in the recruitment process as signals of unknown organisational characteristics and attributes (Turban, Forret Hendrickson, 1998). Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) found recruiters to act as a symbol of interpersonal relations in the organisation, indicating candidates use recruiter behaviour as images of interpersonal work relations. Chapman and Webster (2006) later concluded recruiter influence app ears more complex than anticipated. However, Breaugh (2012) points out that less attention has been devoted to recruiter effects over the last few years. Also, a majority of recruiter-candidate interaction research is built on experimental designs, possibly ignoring effects from a real-life human interplay (reference). It is further suggested that qualitative research could prove value beyond the majority of existing quantitative research (Breaugh, 2012). Activities Organisations facilitate recruitment activities such as campus career fairs, employment interviews and site visits to attract candidates (Arvey Campion, 1982; Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). The review by Rynes, Heneman and Schwab (1980) and more recent research by Collins and Stevens (2002) both state that recruitment activities have the potential to influence candidates, possibly by signals of wider organisational attributes (Turban, 2001). However, there is still a need for a better understanding of how recruitment activities affect a candidate (Turban, 2001). Breaugh (2008) highlights the site visit as a recruitment activity given undeservedly little attention. An exception is the study by Turban, Campion and Eyring (1995) extending preceding research by demonstrating just how influential the site visit can be on actual job acceptance decisions. Another interesting aspect of the site visit is the possibility to meet future colleagues beyond organisational representatives often sent from the human resource department. Consistent with the suggestion by Rynes and Miller (1983), Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) found that meetings with any given organisational representative is less influential than meeting someone from the same functional area as the candidate. The site visit typically consists of several activities and Turban, Campion Eyring (1995) suggest future research continuing to investigate how applicants interpret and make meaning of attending one. Saks and Uggerslev (2010) critiques existing research for an exaggerated focus on single activities. Consequentially some activities can come across as having a very small or large influence, possibly limited by research methodology. Those who ultimately accept a job offer will have been through a more extensive process, very likely consisting of several activities. Whereas initial stages are critical to determine candidate ´s further pursuit, later stages have a profound effect on the final job acceptance decision. Recruitment activities do not occur in a vacuum. The overall experience of a recruitment process based on combined effects of activities must be acknowledged (Saks Uggerslev, 2010). Phases Experimental studies often break the recruitment process down to smaller units for investigation. This approach ignores that going through a recruitment process is not likely to be experienced as single events with a separate effect on the candidate, but rather as a process consisting of phases (Boswell, Roehling, LePine and Moynihan, 2003). The early stages of recruitment have been suggested critical, because this can decide candidates willingness to proceed with a given organisation. Critical contact theory addresses how applicants are influenced in their first meeting with organisational representatives (Ralston Brady, 1994). Rynes, Bretz and Gerharts (1991) study demonstrated the possible detrimental effects of a single interaction, showing a number of candidates actually chose to withdraw from recruitment based on a negative first impression. Due to the stress job search can hold as well as anticipation of evaluation, it has been suggested job applicants enter the process with uncertainty as a salient emotion (Proost, Derous, Schreurs, Hagtvet De Witte, 2008; Rynes, 1991). Moreover, uncertainty is likely to persist as candidates are faced with consistently limited information (Barber Roehling, 1993). Assessing levels of uncertainty is difficult in a simulated setting, unfortunately undermining a great deal of existing research (Breaugh, 1992, as cited in Barber Roehling, 1993). Studies have demonstrated that candidates weigh various information and organisational features differently throughout the recruitment process (Carless, 2005; Jaidi, Van Hooft Arends, 2011). The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests peripheral processing is superior to central processing in the primary stages of a recruitment process (Larsen Phillips, 2002). The former type of information processing typically leads to a focus on environmental cues rather than relevant job characteristics. Saks and Uggerslevs (2010) study on college students found that rather focusing on the effect of a single activity or stage, the total combination of the whole recruitment process should be considered. Contrary, it has been suggested that various stages of the recruitment process in itself does not significantly influence a candidate final decision (Lawler, Kuleck, Rhode Sorensen, 1975; Powell Goulet, 1996). Findings from previous research thus prove conflicting; suggesting candidates may go through recruitment with or without a diverse range of perceptions, emotions and thoughts that influence their final decisions. Outcome For organisations to maximise utility, the ultimate end goal of a recruitment process is job offer acceptance from desirable candidates (Jackson Schuler, 1990). Nevertheless, much research has often studied candidate ´s reactions at a given point during the process. Attracting and maintaining candidates are obviously necessary requirements for a viable recruitment process. Yet, acknowledging the process inherent dynamic nature combined with the fact that organisations attempt to actively influence a potential candidate; the effects of this influence must be assessed. The study by Aiman-Smith, Bauer and Cable (2001) revealed that different factors lead to job attraction and actual job pursuit. An extensive amount of research measures only candidates attitudes, perceptions and impressions, rather than actual choice (Rynes, Bretz Gerhart, 1991). Many studies approach recruitment from the organisations view, attempting to establish how an applicant can be persuaded to accept a job of fer (Jaidi, Van Hooft Arends, 2011; reference). Such studies operate with the implicit assumption of a candidate actually making a choice (Boswell et al., 2003). However there is less knowledge of how the candidate perceives this choice or decision-making. The perspective of a candidate who has been through a full recruitment experience with the result of accepting a job offer is less investigated and will inevitably provide knowledge of important aspects of recruitment (Saks Uggerslev, 2010). Graduates A large part of an organisations recruitment activities revolve around new graduates, of interest for the new skills and updated education they contribute with (Turban, Forret Hendrickson, 1998; Wayne Casper, 2012). The recent years have witnessed changes in recruitment practices as competition for graduates tightens (Branine, 2008). However, recruitment literature and research has often been criticised for overly emphasizing college graduates (Breaugh, 2008; Rynes, Heneman III Schwab, 1980). Nevertheless, multiple interesting aspects serve justice to focusing on this particular group of job seekers. Career theory refers to the transition from student to employee as an important one, significantly affecting a person ´s life (Super, 1980). Previous research has found inexperienced job seekers to be more likely influenced by recruitment practices (Feldman Arnold, 1978; Larsen Phillips, 2002). Walker, Field, Giles and Bernerth (2008) demonstrated how candidates limited job experience and job search influenced their perception of recruitment activities. Seeking full-time employment for the very first time might be a particular meaningful event where one is exceptionally aware of recruitment practices because of their novelty. Graduate recruitment is both voluminous in size and investments( Rynes Boudreau, 1986). In addition, the study by Terjesen, Vinnicombe and Freeman (2007) suggested the coming workforce, generation Y (1977-1994) differs from previous generations. As organisations are increasingly acknowledging human capital as a competitive edge, the need for educated workforce is not likely to decrease. Liden and Parsons (1996) points out that educated candidates approach job-searching differently than candidates seeking lower level jobs, where the former is more discriminating in the process. Collectively, this demonstrates new graduates as a sample of interest for further investigation. Rather than attempting to generalise across all job seekers, clearly quite distinctive, this study recognises and appreciates graduates as a separate target group for research. Aim and research question In summary, Barbers dimensions call attention to recruitment research in the field, where context and realistic human interaction is acknowledged. There is a need to further investigate how recruitment activities and recruiter behaviour are elements of a whole recruitment experience leading to the ultimate outcome of a candidates job offer acceptance. The current economic climate holds exciting times for new graduates. Indeed, Celani and Singh (2011) highlight the competitive benefit an organisation could gain from enhanced understandings of candidate ´s reaction and appraisal of recruitment practices. By acknowledging the individual as the organisations most valuable asset, an expectation follows to consider the individual ´s perspective, also in recruitment. Breaugh (2012) highlighted the valuable in-depth insight to the candidate ´s perspective from the previous qualitative work of Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) and Boswell, Roehling, LePine Moynihan (2003). Based on a person-centric approach, Weiss Rupp (2011) suggest the human subjective experience should guide more research. Insight from candidates own words about recruitment experiences has been of inspiration (Billsberry, 2007). Therefore, the study employs a phenomenological approach to address the following research question: How does a recent graduate experience the recruitment process? A phenomenological approach Phenomenology is concerned with exploring the richness of a real, concrete, daily-lived phenomenon (Finlay, 2009). The transition from graduating student to working professional has been proven a major one, additionally supported by life-stages theory and career theory (Ng Feldman, 2007; Schein, 1978, Super; 1980). Billsberry (2007) argue job-related events such as obtaining or changing jobs are of significance, but they are also a natural experience in the inevitable progression of life. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an approach of exploration of a lived experience (Clarke, 2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis is therefore suitable to explore how a new graduate experience a recruitment process. Something about why not other qualitative methods? However, merely stating that a study is of phenomenological nature is not sufficient for methodological rigour. Adopting a philosophical stance underpinning the method of choice should be done to uphold methodological clarity (Lowes Prowse, 2001). The transcendental phenomenology as described in the original work of Husserl request suspending all presuppositions of a phenomenon through bracketing (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). This standpoint has been critiqued for not recognising the cognitive aspect of a human being situated in a contextual world (Wilding Whiteford, 2005). Furthermore, the researcher ´s seminal role in identifying, defining and formulating research is consistent with Smith ´s (2004) recommendation to avoid a superficial attempt of bracketing. The philosophical foundations underlying IPA is simply not compatible with complete bracketing, as the interpretative component inevitably acknowledges the researcher ´s role. Heidegger advocates a hermeneutic phenomenology with interpretation at its core (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Utilizing a double hermeneutic acknowledges the dual role of the researcher, where one tries to make sense of the participants experience after the experience has been subject to sense making from the participant itself (Smith Osborn, 2003 double check book Uni). Rather than shallow bracketing, not adequate to its true form as proposed by Husserl, reflexive bracketing was done in resonance with Ahern ´s recommendations (1999). As being reflexive involves more than having an awareness of one ´s standpoint, but should be consciously exercised throughout the research process, a full reflexive account is given in section x.x (Finlay, 2002). A main goal in phenomenology is being able to understand what a particular experience is like for someone else (Creswell, 2007). Rooted in the phenomenological approach is the recognition that an experience takes place in a specific context (Willig, 2009). The contextual setting of the study will subsequently be addressed in the following section. Context To advocate high-quality research, Stiles (1993) advise explicit awareness of the social and cultural context of the research (as cited in Elliott, Fischer Rennie, 1999). IPA recognises that the individual is positioned in a context, inevitably influencing the individual sense-making process (Clarke, 2009). Furthermore, the aspect of context has often been overlooked in recruitment research, pointed out by Rynes (1991) more than twenty years ago. Erhart and Zieger (2005) continuously emphasize researchers to render the environmental context where organisational recruitment takes place. Several authors have highlighted the important factor of the current labour market (Rynes, Heneman Schwab, 1980; Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). In response and in the belief of context-depending findings, the following paragraph will give a brief description of the context where this study took place. The region of Western Norway thrives on the oil business and a majority of workplaces originates within this sector (Boe Hornbug, 2012). Stavanger, one of the largest cities in the region is often referred to as the oil capital of Norway. Several large international oil companies base their Norwegian head offices in this part of the country. Due to constant development over the last years and a forecast of continuous growth there is a pressing need for qualified engineers. The present study was conducted in an oil company employing 70.000 across the world, whereby 2000 of these work in Norway (Taraldsen, 2012). A recent survey completed by engineering students from the largest University in the area demonstrated the company ´s high status; the company was rated among the top five most popular employers (Hult, 2012). The company still emphasizes advertising their vacancies through the most popular job-search base in Norway. In general, job advertisements underline the companys attractiveness by emphasizing their abilities and position in the market. The adverts also encourage potential candidates to apply by embracing the uniqueness of each individual employee. During winter 2011/2012, the company carried out a recruitment process for their graduate programme, hiring 25 trainees after receiving several hundred applications. On the basis of their recent recruitment experience, a number of the newly hired trainees were asked to participate in this study. Acknowledging the criticism of recruitment research ´s large focus on graduate samples (Rynes, Orlitzky Bretz, Jr., 1997), nevertheless this was seen as a factor adding to the interest of this study. The social, the cultural and the heavy media focus on the oil business sector may lead to both expectations and pressure for a new graduate. A survey of the labour market during spring 2012 demonstrated that 82% of engineer graduates already have a contract signed by completion of their education (Amelie, 2012b). Organisations are ambitious in their search for talented candidates and as a result initiate recruitment at early stages (Gjerde, 2012; Halvorsen Ellingsen, 2011). While the offensive approach of competing organisations can contribute to an awareness of the attractiveness of engineers, it can simultaneously force feelings of pressure, rush and st ress to the process of securing a job. Method Design To explore new graduates experience of a recruitment process, a cross-sectional study of qualitative nature was conducted. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews. Procedure The researcher made contact with the organisation through a personal acquaintance in February 2012. Being aware of possible challenges in regards to organisational access, the researcher took several steps to ensure a smooth process (Johl Renganthan, 2010). Through mutual agreement between the researcher ´s area of interest as well as the organisation ´s need, a suitable sample for research was identified. The sample was chosen purposively to ensure all the participants had experienced the phenomena of interest, necessary to give insight into a particular perspective of the experience (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Striving for a homogeneous sample, sample criteria were set to be recent graduated engineers who through the process of obtaining their first job naturally had been through a recruitment process. It was established prior to commencement of research that participants had been exposed to various recruitment activities. To increase credibility for the study the human resource senior manager of the organisation sent out the first informative e-mail, encouraging participation. This was also done to ensure the participants felt comfortable sharing their experience, given they were recently hired at the organisation. Further, the researcher established contact per e-mail with the individual with thorough information (Appendix X: Information sheet). E-mail contact is considered efficient for both parties in establishing contact and to make further arrangements for the interview (Seidman, 2006). Given practical considerations and various start-dates, 14 individuals were contacted. As IPA is concerned with the quality and not the quantity of accounts, the researcher searched for a smaller sample as 3-6 participants is recommended (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). However it was found useful to initially contact a larger number, being aware that some participants may withdraw (Seidman, 2006). All but one were initially positive, however situational factors led to a final sample of 6 participants. The researcher found this sample to fulfil the requirement of both suitable size and saturation (Kvale, 2007). Participants The sample consisted of Norwegian citizens, 3 females and 3 males (6 in total) between the ages 22-28. All participants had experienced various recruitment processes, including a site visit arranged by the organisation prior to being hired. The participants were all recent graduated engineers with a BSc or an MSc degree within various fields of engineering. All participants had their education from Norwegian universities where recruitment activities arranged by several companies had taken place in various forms. All but one participant resided in the greater area of Stavanger. Fictitious names were given to each participant to ensure anonymity. Interviews Inviting to a rich, detailed and personal account of the individual ´s experience, semi-structured interviews were chosen as method for this study. This is the preferred method for IPA as its flexibility allows for the experience of interest to lead the interview, rather than fitting it into pre-determined categories of a structured interview (Smith, 1995). Two pilot interviews were conducted early in the process, as strongly advised by Seidman (2006). This familiarises the researcher with the complexities an interview may hold. Although not identical with the actual sample, the volunteers for pilot interviews were also recent graduates having undergone recruitment processes in their search for jobs in the past year. Hence pilot interviews were useful to provide insight into possible important aspects of a recruitment experience and also led to changes in the interview structure such as fewer and less non-directive questions. The pilot was also seen as valuable training in interview technique, which according to Kvale (2007) is mastered through extensive practice. The interview guide was developed after wide reading around the topic of interest as well as inspiration from the pilot. Advised by Smith, Flower and Larkin (2009) it was attempted to approach the area of interest sideways. Rather than asking direct questions, which may be leading the participant, the questions attempted to facilitate a discussion around the topic of interest. The interview commenced by the open-ended question Could you tell me about how you got this job? (Appendix X). For an open-mind in regards to the participant ´s experience, open-ended questions were asked, allowing the participant ´s answer to steer the direction of the interview (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Although having prepared possible follow-up questions, the researcher exercised flexibility throughout the interviews to fully be able to attend to the personal experience of the individual. Probes and prompts were used as suited. The interview session was rounded off asking each participant if they had anything further to add which had not been addressed in the interview, but that was seen as important in their recruitment experience (Kvale, 2007). Interviews were held in the workplace during week 26 and 27 at the participant ´s convenience. The researcher made sure to be allocated a room in sufficient distance from the participant ´s department, to s