Latin American Revolution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2391 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The Latin American Revolution During the early 18th century the creoles played a major role in the Latin America revolution. Several countries were fed up with the Spanish control because of the reforms forced onto them. Keeping in mind this occurred while they faced oppression from the natives due to the fact they were not accepted as natives themselves. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Latin American Revolution" essay for you Create order This on top of economic, social and political struggles sent them over the edge. The creoles wanted to be at the top of the social class for a change instead of at the very bottom and they thought independence would gain them power and the strength needed to defeat peninsulares. As a result, the South American continent banded together to overcome Spains corruptive rule. The movements prospered under leaders Simn Bolivar (the Liberator) of the North and Jos de San Martin of the South. Following their efforts, came the independence these colonies had been waiting for. Majority of the region implemented sovereign nations and could now make their own decisions as they saw fit. Thanks to the creoles courage to stand up against the Spanish, Latin American countries got the chance to experience freedom!! Introduction/Body There were 4 major causes of the Latin American Revolution. First were the problems of the Spanish Empire. Starting with their political problems, the colonies were run by Spanish governors who were dictators. One person made all the rules and the rules were set up to benefit the Spanish governors which was not good. Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources; therefore, all the goods went to Spain first. This made the colonies mad that they produced all these goods but could not even enjoy them. Colonies could only trade with Spain too, and they set all the prices for goods. Quite a bit of racism took place towards people who were not blood born Europeans. In the social hierarchy, Native Spaniards (Peninsulares) were the highest class. The peninsulares made up a very small percentage of the population. Underneath them were the people of pure European blood who were born in the new world (creoles). Combing African + blood born Europeans (Mulattos) and Indian + blood born Europeans (Mestizos) made up the third class. Lastly came the pure Indians and Africans sitting at the bottom. They had no right or privileges and were shunned against by the rest of the community. Another cause was the enlightenment (a new way of thought in Europe). The people believed God placed Kings in royal position and he was the only one. After being enlightened people thought the government was meant to be based on a contract between the king and the people. Rights of life, liberty and property were to be protected under any circumstances and if they were not, citizens have the right to rebel. Next the American Revolution gave hope to Latin America that they were capable of overthrowing their mother country. And lastly but certainly not least, The French Revolution again proved success could be found in fighting for Independence. The Haitian Revolution came to existence because of social disagreements between Gens de couleur (free people of color) and the French settlers. Slaves ended up overthrowing the French settlers thanks to the former slave and military leader Toussaint Louverture. Religion was used as a tactic to initialize the revolution. Specifically, Haitians Vodou priest Boukman who inspired slaves to rebel Napoleon Bonaparte French Military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte helped give the South American colonies a blueprint towards Independence to follow after. With his powerful imperial army Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal highlighting Spains weakness in the process. Venezuela felt that they did not owe their obedience to Spain anymore and this gave a push for the movement. Argentinas Independence from Spain Argentina was the first region to make a move towards independence. Jos De San Martin a creole himself from northeastern Argentina, stepped up to bring his home country justice once and for all. San Martin had an epiphany that the only thing standing between Argentina and success was, the liberation of the Andes provinces. Immediately putting the plan into action, he began training the Army of the Andes which consisted of a large portion of black and mulatto (people of west African-European descent) volunteers. Once they were prepared they crossed the mountains into Chile, freeing them from the royalists. He guided his locals against Britain with a victory, also taking Uruguay down with it. Now they had come to a great realization, Spains protection was no longer needed for them to prosper. Unfortunately, his social reforms failed so San Martin went back to Argentina to fight remaining Spanish troops. Venezuelas Independence from Spain Contrasting to the viceroyalty of La Plata (Argentina) the viceroyalty of New Granada in northern South America had less creoles. They were made up of the countries Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama. In order for the fight for independence to be successful they had to get assistance from the pardos. Strong armies were built up by Simn Bolivar who liberated northern South America. Bolivar was born in Venezuela into a wealthy Creole family. After watching Napoleons legacy, Bolivar longed for a constitutional republic and the ideals of liberty and popular sovereignty. He participated in the congress of juntas that declared outright independence for Venezuela in 1812, against the resistance of royalists. San Martin decides to leave to live in Spain and by 1824 Bolivar defeats all remaining Spanish forces. Simon helped Venezuela revolt in 1820 by bringing in his troops to defeat the royalist army. He resigned positon as President in 1830. The Bol ­var-San Martin Encounter Jos de San Martin and Sim?n Bol ­var did not see eye to eye in the reshaping of Latin America. They met in 1822 to settle how to remove the Spanish from Peru and the following was addressed. It was noted that Bol ­var was in a better geographic location than San Martin to send military forces into Peru. However, Bol ­var was not one hundred percent confident in his militarys abilities because they were not used to fighting in the high altitudes. San Martin favored monarchial rule while Bol ­var preferred republicanism and Creole Oligarchic rule. When San Martin resigned from his duties it was concluded he probably concluded that it was not likely for South America to have a monarchy. Meanwhile Bolvars vision came true that Latin America would see small independent republics in the near future. Perus Independence from Spain Six years later Spanish forces are defeated by Peru and they gain their independence as well. It took a few decades for Peru, Chile and Bolivia to work out territorial disputes; The War of Pacific brings the feud to an end resulting in Chile annexing Peruvian and Bolivian lands. The tragic part was the damage left behind in Peru from Chilean troops. Years of work put into their economy was pulled right out from under them and it was only partly replenished. Political stability finally came around under the presidency of Nicol?s de Pi? ©rola who brought reforms to fix the brokenness. Revolutionists from the outside freed Bolivia, also known as Upper Peru. Creole uprisings continued to be unsuccessful from 1808 until 1814. It was not until 1822 once Bol ­var took interest in Upper Peru and sent two expeditions into the region, that success was found. Bolivia finally claimed their independence on January 5, 1825. Three months later the last of the royalists were defeated and Bol? ­var was named Father of Upper Peru. August 25, the country became Bolivia as we call it today in honor of the Liberator and his great contributions to the country. Cuadillos and Oligarchic Rule In 1854 Justo Jos de Urquisa became the new caudillo. Buenos Aires and Urquisa forces went into conflict. After defeating Urquisa Buenos Aires becomes the national capital of Argentina. The government welcomed European immigrants to the Pampas; which were divided into 3 estates (estancias). Gauchos worked on the land and railroads while any leftover American Indians were taken to Patagonia and exterminated. Traditional farming methods such as rounding up wild livestock and taking it to the market, were replaced with modern methods like ranching cattle, sheep and goats. Cuadillos from the landowning Creole families removed each other at a fast pace. Between 1830 through 1899, there were approximately 41 presidencies and 30 insurrections. Not much was done and a large portion of the money from foreigners went to the leaders. Rivalries kept being refueled mainly because of failure to agree on federalism or tighter control. Mexicos Independence from Spain Father Miguel Hidalgo wants to lead a land reform movement; he calls for the Indians to rebel. Planning to lead a group to Mexico City, much to his surprise he is captured and executed. His body is left in the middle of the street to warn other attackers to think twice and go back to where they came from. During this time things are spiraling out of control throughout Latin America. Napoleon loses in Europe, a civil war breaks out in Spain, a dispute going on in Haiti, and Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar are rebelling against the Spanish in Argentina. Two prominent individuals Vicente Guerrero and Agust ­n de Iturbide came up with a solution called the Iguala Plan. The plan was based on civil rights between Mexicans and peninsulares, reverence for the church and groundwork for independence. By 1820 Augustin de Iturbide declares Mexico independent from Spain. The Spanish monarchy has no more say so in Mexico. However, the poor people are back at square one; Mexican or Spanish nobles are still there. No benefits were seen for the poor people in the Haitian and Mexican Revolutions. The Portuguese monarchy fled from Napoleon and made Rio de Janero the nation capital in 1807. Brazil is the new home of the Portuguese crown, establishing a Portuguese kingdom. A couple years later the people change their mind and want to be their own democratic independent republic. Of course, this was determined on the condition that the Portuguese kept their power, title and wealth. Latin America At The End of The Revolutions for Independence: Territory At the end of the wars the new states had been established: Mexico and the United Provinces of Central America, Viceroyalty of New Spain; Great Columbia, territory of New Granada (Columbia, Venezuela and Ecuador); Peru, Chile, and Bolivia, Viceroyalty of Peru; and the United Provinces of the River Plata and Paraguay made from the Viceroyalty of La Plata. Political Effects The Creoles were very seldom given the opportunity to exercise their political rights. Part of the problem was that a large majority of the people were illiterate and miniscule with anything that had to do with the government. By no means were they ever prepared to one day have to make decisions for themselves and govern their own people. For years they became comfortable with being obedient to the Spanish who told them everything to do. Now they were fearful when faced with responsibility. The election of executive officers was usually granted to men who were well put together and veterans from the war. Sadly, these men had nothing to bring to the table because they were clueless on political theory. As they tried to create an effective government they turned back to military experience since they were conditioned again to receiving orders from someone else. A government where peace and harmony coexisted was simply not obtainable for the creoles. Tensions were rising between them an d the Mestizos because of racial antagonism. Violence proved to be the only method that got through to people. Social Effects Nothing changed in the social class except the creoles replacing peninsulares at the top. Everyone else was still at the bottom. All revolutions began with a popular power base from the middle to lower class; they fueled the revolutions. Going back to what Aristotle said he who controls the middle-class wins is proved to be true. Nations felt that they should be defined not by ancient dynasties but by their own actions. The United States become a democracy for the first time since Republican Rome. Economic Effects Before the wars manufacturing was not encouraged due to the fact that authorities did not want competition with the mother country. Following the revolution mineral and agricultural production declined, and industrialization took its place. Trade was no longer limited to Spain so the United States and Great Britain became the new countries trading partner. America was the primary source for exporting cash crops and other raw materials; manufactured goods were imported too. Once the Spaniards were driven out the government annexed their lands and immediately put them up for sale. The ironic part was the creoles were the only ones who could afford the land; yet they were still frowned upon by the rest of society because of their distinction. Labor and Immigrants Latin Americas population saw a drastic increase during the 18th century. Labor was in high demand still because the land-person ration did not change. One of the most notable solutions was the introduction of forced labor; specifically designed for American Indians in the Andes. Slavery was a direct correlation to forced labor and begun making its debut among different regions. Wages were unacceptably low because of Mine operators and landowners who controlled all wealth distribution. The government decided it was necessary to engage in a selective mass immigration to assist with labor shortages. Common immigrants consisted of indentured laborers recruited from India and China (coolies). They were on 5 to 10 year contracts working off the coasts. Peru, Cuba and Costa Rica hosted 235,000 Chinese immigrants; who were placed to work on sugar and cotton plantations, railroads and silver mines. Conclusion Looking at the Latin American Revolution from one perspective an individual could say it was a good thing it happened. The South American countries became independent. If they had not the United States would not have many of the imports Americans love. Machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, metals, plastic and plenty others. On the other hand, someone could also say it did not help and the world would have been better without it. Most of the countries had to work hard to rebuild their tarnished political and economic foundations. Bibliography https://www.britannica.com/place/Latin-America/The-independence-of-Latin-America https://www.theodysseyonline.com/latin-american-independence-creoles Latin American History by A. Curtis Wilgus Makers of Democracy in Latin America by Harold E. Davis

Csr in the Hospitality Industry - 1293 Words

Contemporary Issues in Hospitality Tourism Administration Arlene M. Garrick Oklahoma State University, Stillwater September 29, 2009 Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality Industry Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively become known as a germane issue in the corporate world for the past decade. Making the world a better place, socially and environmentally, is a global accepted phenomenon. According to Porter Kramer, 2006, â€Å"corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country.† The objective of this review is to discuss benefits of CSR on the hotel industry. What is CSR? Corporate†¦show more content†¦In 1995, a study conducted by Vanderbilt University found that eight of ten cases of low-polluting companies financially outperformed their dirtier competitors (Brands that do good, 2003; Act responsibly, 2004; Clark, 2006). As such, consumers prefer to do business with companies that have good CSR reputations Recommendation for CSR in Hotels In making decisions, management, should consider environmental outcomes, which limit and/or reduce the impact of operations on the natural environment. Hotel’s management need to implement responsible measures because of high cost associated with electricity consumption for heating/cooling, lighting, cooking, etc., which levies pressure on local resource and increase costs. Thus, the impact on the total cost consumption of a hotel from energy conservation measures is strong and more direct (Kasim, 2006). Consumers are progressively more concerned with how companies make their money and are expecting businesses to engage in responsible activities that will limit, as well as lessen their social, ethical, and environmental impacts on society and the community. White, (2006) cautions that, â€Å"that travel-savvy consumers are more environmentally aware and that having environmental and social programmes in place are a consideration in selecting accommodation.† Furthermore, any CSR program must involve the employees in order to achieve success. White (2006) alsoShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Is Csr Beneficial to a Companys Performance1184 Words   |  5 PagesTo What Extent is CSR Beneficial to a Company’s Performance? Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is a popular debate topic over decades, has divided into five major dimensions over time. They are known as the stakeholder dimension, the social dimension, the economic dimension, the voluntariness dimension and the environmental dimension in research (Dahlsrud, 2008). 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Reflective Journal for Health Policy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Qustion: Discuss about theReflective Journal for Health Policy. Answer: Introduction about Myself My name is [] and I am enthusiastic about documenting every aspect of my life. In this reflective journal, I ponder about the things that I have learnt and I keep learning every single day. I must admit that before starting this unit, I had high expectations of learning about leadership and management. Fortunately, the course did not disappoint as I got to understand the differences between the two, the importance of teams and the characteristics of teams. Besides, I have understand the various schools of thought that talk to individual change. In this account, I shall look to give the reflection of the learning that took place, what that means to me and how I will use the new found knowledge in my future career and life. Individual Change Account The session provided me with an opportunity to assess myself and get to understand which aspects of my academic life needed to change in order to benefit me in the long-term. I also got to comprehend the different approaches that can be used to implement individual behavior. The first theory that we learned in class was the behavioral approach, which basically associated with rewards and punishment to either encourage or discourage the reoccurrence of the behavior (Robbins, Chatterjee, Canda, 2011). I realized that this method is often used in almost all forms of life. for instance, I remembered when I was young, my parents used to buy me gifts every time I performed well in school and get grounded from watching T.V and staying indoors when I did something they did not approve. At an individual level, it involves having the right priorities and upon achieving the desired goals, one can reward themselves with a holiday for example. For this approach to be effective, some stimulus tha t may have been pleasant but contributed to the undesired behavior need to be removed and punishment instituted for the unwanted behavior to reduce the frequency of display of such behavior (Robbins, et al., 2011). The Cognitive Approach This is a brand new week and I cannot wait to share about the cognitive approach, which is a quite different from the behavioral approach that I shared last week. The cognitive approach, on the other hand, is an approach based on the assumptions that our thought processes have an impact on the way we behave. The approach is based on the principle that behavior arises from external stimuli and through the thought processes, we exhibit an appropriate response. I learned that by influencing the thought about self by use of affirmations, breaking patterns and performing a rational analysis and using positive visualizations, one can achieve individual change (Neisser, 2014). Perhaps the approach that I found to be intriguing was the psychodynamic theory, which proposes that how we behave is influenced by the subconscious mind and other impulses that we may not be aware of. However, this approach contradicts the common understanding that we can control behavior by using our own free will a s opposed to attributing it to our earlier experiences (Weiner, 2013). The Humanistic Approach This week I have been pondering about the humanistic approach that I learned during the last session in the past week. The humanistic approach appealed to me most because it explains human behavior because of the observer and the person performing that behavior. This approach suggests that how people behave is connected to the self-image and the inner feelings (Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). We can, change behavior by having a positive regard for self, upholding genuineness and congruence and empathic understanding. Besides the approaches to individual change, I also have to enhance my knowledge on the Maslows Hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two-factor theory, which also contributed to my understanding of individual change. Team and Change Reflection This was another fun and full of learning new things as I got to, for the first time, to differentiate the differences between groups and teams. I must honestly say that I have always been using the two interchangeably, but after this session, I am more aware of the distinct differences between the two. Teams take a collaborative approach and mutually or individually become accountable for the actions of the team. Leadership is also different because groups have a designated leader whole in teams, leadership is shared. Besides, we also learned the benefits of working in teams including attainment of creativity due to the diversity of the members, gaining new expertise and participation of members with certain knowledge about various issues. Interdependence of teams is critical and there are various forms in which members can depend on each other like pooled, sequential and reciprocal interdependence (Buljac-Samardzic, et al., 2010). I realized that working in teams requires that certain factors are undertaken to improve the effectiveness. For instance, when we formed our group, we had to lay down the mission and goals in addition to allocating roles to individuals. We established the rules and procedures, the inter-team relations to guide the team. We also became aware of the drawbacks that may hinder cohesion in a team like rationalization, self-censorship, direct pressure and morality among others (Shaw, et al., 2011). Another important area where I added knowledge is the types of individuals in a team and how they perform their roles. I Learned how to use the Belbin Team Roles Template I had quite an experiential moment learning how to use the Belbin team roles template. Using the Belbin team roles template, there are nine kinds of people in teams and I think I placed myself in the resource investigator. Enthusiasm and an over-communicator extrovert who explores all opportunities and develops contacts characterize this type. However, the main weakness of such individuals lies in their over-optimistic and loss of interest once the enthusiasm initially held has been passed (Shaw, et al., 2011). The good thing is that the nine different persons are able to bring the strengths of each to the front and with proper planning, effective communication and having mechanisms for solving conflicts; the team can achieve the goals for which it was formed. Some of the available strategies for dealing with dispute include preventing ignition of the conflict, setting limits on the type of conflict, eliminating the underlying issues and helping parties to develop strategies to cope with the conflict. Leadership and Skills Leadership and management are two terms that most people, I include confuse to mean one and the same thing. In my case, it was until I completed this session. While the explanation of a manager and a leader possess profound similarities, it is also clear that some managers can be leaders but not all have qualities associated with leadership (Derue, et al., 2011). I now understand that the primary difference between the two concepts lies in the manner in which they motivate their subordinates and followers. Most people are both because they have management responsibilities, but also realize that they cannot buy or borrow the hearts of people to follow them especially during times of difficulty (Nahavandi, 2016). To be successful, the manager must, therefore, perform the roles of leaders. I was Confused as much as I Learnt I felt a significant level of confusion while trying to differentiate between managers and leaders. Managers in an organization have distinct roles and responsibilities, which include the four functions of management: planning, leading, controlling and organizing. Since leading is one function of management, it could imply that theoretically, all managers ought to be leaders (Northouse, 2012). I got confused here too. However, it was explained that managers can only be leaders if they have the ability to perform all the roles of leadership including inspiring, communication, motivating and encouraging employees to achieve productivity and efficiency. A manager is considered one by virtue of holding a position where the subordinates follow his/her instructions because they are demanded so. The concern of the manager is to achieve the set goals of the organization and achieves this by concentrating on the effectiveness through the laid down systems, controls, and structures. I Gained Clarity and Understanding At the end of the session, I clearly understood what leadership was all about and I can clearly cite theories and literature clarifying the concept. I learned that leadership is an activity that is primarily based on communication. The leaders continuously dedicate their time creating tailored messages that are communicated to the followers and stakeholders alike. Hackman and Johnson (2013) suggest that with increased leadership responsibilities given to an individual, the more communication is expected of them. They further argue that the communication styles employed by the leaders can be sued to determine the leadership style (Hackman, Johnson, 2013). There are various theories that I learned during this session including transactional leadership, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, servant leadership, and visionary leadership (Giltinane, 2013). We also discussed moral leadership and courage as well as stewardship. My Concluding Remarks and Key Learning I believe that after analyzing the various styles of leadership, I have strengths in effective communication among the diverse parties. I have learned that I do exercise flexibility and have the ability to recognize the type of audience and exercise categorization in the determination of the communication technique to employ. In our team meetings and activities, I was focused on the we as opposed to me. This ability to grasp the audience and function, as noted by Giltinane (2013) allows the effective communicator to choose between analytical, functional, personal and intuitive communication techniques to ensemble the setting. I believe in a leadership style that is able to focus on the bigger picture and delegate minor tasks to heads of groups. To achieve this, the leaders must be effective communicators. I have developed the ability to create my personal vision and motivate myself and my fellow friends and colleagues in school and at social settings to set and meet the goals while drawing gratification and satisfaction which I believe puts me into the category of transformational leaders. I intend to carry these qualities into my future professional career where I would be at the forefront of forming teams and encouraging for both personal development and institutional improvements to increase productivity. References Buljac-Samardzic, M., Dekker-van Doorn, C. M., van Wijngaarden, J. D., van Wijk, K. P. (2010). Interventions to improve team effectiveness: a systematic review. Health policy, 94(3), 183-195. Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N. E. D., Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 7-52. Giltinane, C. L. (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), 35-39. Hackman, M. Z., Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Classic edition. Psychology Press. Northouse, P. G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., Canda, E. R. (2011). Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work. Pearson Higher Ed. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction (pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Shaw, J. D., Zhu, J., Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shih, H. A., Susanto, E. (2011). A contingency model of conflict and team effectiveness. Journal of applied psychology, 96(2), 391. Weiner, B. (2013). Human motivation. Psychology Press.